Cytology is the examination of cells from one’s body under the microscope. When it comes to urine cytology, your pathologist will examine the cells collected from your urine sample, to see if they look and function accordingly. With the help of this test, large and aggressive cancers can be detected, rather than the small ones. This test is completely different from that of a biopsy. Here, individual cells are taken into account, whereas, in the biopsy, a piece of tissue is examined, which contains many cell clusters.