Bence Jones Protein Test

Bence-Jones proteins are the abnormal proteins or immunoglobulin light chains found in the urine. A quantitative Bence-Jones protein test measures the specific level of these abnormal proteins in the urine sample. These proteins are made by plasma cells, a type of white blood cell and are not normally present in the urine. The presence of such proteins in the urine is associated with the malignancy of plasma cells. These are cancers of the lymphatic system. These proteins are considered as the first marker in detection of multiple myeloma, which is a type of blood cancer. This test is also known as Urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP) and immunoassay for free light chains

Although no prior preparation is required, it is advisable that the patient inform the practitioner about the following prior to the testing: Your medical history, including the symptoms, for which the test is being conducted List of medications that are being taken including both prescription and OTC drugs Dietary restrictions and fluid intake that are being followed Based on this history, the practitioner may advice you about any diet restrictions, and usage of medications that need to be followed.

This test is normally done if the individual is showing symptoms of multiple myeloma such as bone pain, high blood calcium, low count of red or white blood cells or platelets in blood, and increased vulnerability to infections among others. It is considered as the first marker for this type of cancer and is used as an indicator for further testing for definitive diagnosis. It is also used to diagnose other forms of cancer including lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, and macroglobulinemia and other conditions such as Amyloidosis and Monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance (MGUS). This test also helps in finding out the stage of the cancer in patients with multiple myeloma.

The test is conducted on a urine sample collected either by a clean-catch method or the 24 hour urine collection. The patient has to follow the instructions and collect the urine sample accordingly and submit to the lab for testing. The urine sample is then subjected to electrophoresis or immunoassay testing to detect the presence of Bence-Jones proteins. The presence of these proteins is an indicator and is not definitive diagnosis of cancer as these proteins are present due to other conditions too. The diagnosis is made based on the patient’s medical history and any other tests conducted along with this test.