What care should be taken before deciding laparoscopic surgery?
Experience exposure of the endoscopic surgeon for different endoscopic surgeries. Safety monitoring during laparoscopic surgery like multipara monitoring including etco2 and glycine deficit (less than 1.5 liter)/ s. Na level (normal is 135 meq/l) during hysteroscopic surgery. Live oprative file (video/cd/dvd) of the operation must be kept with you for future reference. Selection criterias & optimum councelling before operation from the right person to understand the advantages and limitations of endoscopy surgery.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a genus of Retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over a period leads to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), if left neglected and untreated. HIV infected person over the months to years present with various signs and symptoms; which vary according to the stages of progression of the infection and effects on the Human Immune System.
Immune system: HIV destroys CD4 cells, the type of white blood cells that help the immune system fight off any infection or disease, and hampers cellular immune response of the body. On the other hand CD4 cells help HIV virus to set-up its factory for multiplication. Typically CD4 cells have a lifespan of ~72 days. The HIV infected CD4 cell, before the cell dies a self-cell death (Apoptosis), becomes home to producing several HIV cells that comes out as hundreds of fresh viruses to catch other CD4 cells as well as other organs and cells. When several CD4 cells are infected with HIV, get destroyed after producing several viruses, immunity gets weakened. Due to this weakened immunity response; the person tends to have opportunistic infections during that period. The systems worst affected are- respiratory (alveolar spaces), central nervous (glial cells and macrophages), gastro-intestinal (chromaffin cells) and blood (CD4 positive white blood cells).
Respiratory System: Again due to low immune response, various respiratory infections can occur, such as pneumocystis pneumonia or PCP, tuberculosis and Kaposi's sarcoma. Nervous System: Various bacteria, fungus, and viruses can affect nervous system from other sources of infection due to low immunity response. Common conditions that can affect the nervous system due to AIDS include AIDS dementia complex, lymphoma, and toxoplasmosis, meningitis, encephalitis. These conditions of nervous systems can show symptoms of a recurrent headache, slowed thinking, poor short-term memory, and changes in behavior and coordination.
Gastrointestinal System: Gastrointestinal disorders are the most common presentation of the HIV or AIDS. The patient having GI infection shows symptoms of prolonged or recurrent diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, abdominal pain, GI bleeding and GI tumors. The most common diseases are: Oral thrush Oral leukoplakia Salmonella, Shiegella infections, Cryprosporidial - Isospora - micro-spora diarrhoea Various effects of HIV on other different organs and functioning are as follows:
In case you have a concern or query you can always consult an expert & get answers to your questions!
WHAT IS PEP
Post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is a systemic treatment in which we can save life of a patient and help him to prevent from being HIV positive. Any possible exposure which will lead to HIV infection including sexual
intercourse with sex worker and during that condom gets burst or having intimate massage at massage parlor; the person is exposed to direct contact that can lead to the possible exposure to HIV. And, any health worker who gets exposed to any instrument prick like needle, cannula or any other sharp instrument during any surgical or dental procedures or in case of drug abuse patients the exposure to needle pricks or children playing in playground exposed to any mucus membrane wound exposure or during any bus, train accident, the chances of contamination can take place. This is possible in case of sexual assault also.In all these cases, we can put patient on PEP therapy which is a system of medicines in which we use minimum 4 anti-viral drugs for the treatment of HIV upto 28-30 days within 72 hours of possible exposure.
By using these drugs we can prevent transmission of HIV up to 98%. So you are recommended to start PEP treatment as early as possible in order to save yourself from getting HIV.HIV is a very dangerous disease. It leads to possible collapse of the body’s immune system in which CD3,D4 and CD8 cells are reduced and viral load of HIV is increased in the blood system by which the system gets collapsed and patient is not able to sustain his/her life for longer period of time and it becomes difficult to survive.
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system, the body's natural defense system. Without a strong immune system, the body has trouble fighting off disease. Both the virus and the infection it causes are called HIV. White blood cells are an important part of the immune system. HIV infects and destroys certain white blood cells called CD4+ cells. If too many CD4+ cells are destroyed, the body can no longer defend itself against infection. The last stage of HIV infection is AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). People with AIDS have a low number of CD4+ cells and get infections or cancers that rarely occur in healthy people. These can be deadly. But having HIV doesn't mean you have AIDS. Even without treatment, it takes a long time for HIV to progress to AIDS-usually 10 to 12 years. When HIV is diagnosed before it becomes AIDS, medicines can slow or stop the damage to the immune system. If AIDS does develop, medicines can often help the immune system return to a healthier state. With treatment, many people with HIV are able to live long and active lives. There are two types of HIV:
- HIV-1, which causes almost all the cases of AIDS worldwide
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a subgroup of retrovirus (lentivirus) that causes HIV infection. After a period of time, this infection leads to what is called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Epidemiology
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), from 2010-2015, the estimated rate of HIV infection in all 50 US states decreased from 14.2 per 100,000 population in 2010 to 12.3 per 100,000 population in 2015. In 2015, 39,513 individuals were diagnosed with HIV infection. From 2010 to 2014, the annual number of new HIV infections decreased by 9%.
Virology HIV-1 and HIV-2 are retroviruses in the Retroviridae family, Lentivirus genus. They are enveloped, diploid, single-stranded RNA viruses with a DNA intermediate. Upon entry into the target cell, the viral RNA genome is converted into double-stranded DNA by an enzyme, reverse transcriptase that is transported along with the viral genome in the virus particle. The resulting viral DNA is then imported into the cell nucleus and integrated into the cellular DNA by a virally encoded enzyme, integrase. HIV contains three retroviral genes, namely gag, pol, and env.
Pathophysiology
HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system, such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells and leads to cellular immune deficiency. This results in the development of opportunistic infections and neoplastic processes.
Mode of Transmission
Sexual intercourse: Unprotected sexual intercourse; especially receptive anal intercourse and different sexual partnersContact with or transfer of blood, pre-ejaculate, semen, and vaginal fluids infected with the virus. Spread from an infected mother to her infant through breast milk. An HIV-positive mother can transmit HIV to her baby both during pregnancy and childbirth due to exposure to her blood or vaginal fluid.
Signs and Symptoms There are 3 categories of infection
Investigation
A high-sensitivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) should be used for screening.
Management
HIV: QUICK FACTSIntroductionThe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a subgroup of retrovirus (lentivirus) that causes HIV infection. After a period of time, this infection leads to what is called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Epidemiology
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), from 2010-2015, the estimated rate of HIV infection in all 50 US states decreased from 14.2 per 100,000 population in 2010 to 12.3 per 100,000 population in 2015. In 2015, 39,513 individuals were diagnosed with HIV infection. From 2010 to 2014, the annual number of new HIV infections decreased by 9%.
Virology HIV-1 and HIV-2 are retroviruses in the Retroviridae family, Lentivirus genus. They are enveloped, diploid, single-stranded RNA viruses with a DNA intermediate.Upon entry into the target cell, the viral RNA genome is converted into double-stranded DNA by an enzyme, reverse transcriptase that is transported along with the viral genome in the virus particle. The resulting viral DNA is then imported into the cell nucleus and integrated into the cellular DNA by a virally encoded enzyme, integrase. HIV contains three retroviral genes, namely gag, pol, and env.
Pathophysiology
HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system, such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells and leads to cellular immune deficiency. This results in the development of opportunistic infections and neoplastic processes.
Mode of Transmission
Sexual intercourse: Unprotected sexual intercourse; especially receptive anal intercourse and different sexual partnersContact with or transfer of blood, pre-ejaculate, semen, and vaginal fluids infected with the virus.Spread from an infected mother to her infant through breast milk. An HIV-positive mother can transmit HIV to her baby both during pregnancy and childbirth due to exposure to her blood or vaginal fluid.
Signs and Symptoms There are 3 categories of infection
Investigation
A high-sensitivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) should be used for screening.
Management
In case you have a concern or query you can always consult an expert & get answers to your questions!
HIV/AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been conclusively known to be the causative agent for AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) which is a major killer disease of the modern times affecting almost 50 million people around the world.
The virus that causes ‘ Aids’ – HIV belongs to a family of viruses known as retroviruses. HIV looks like a rolled up porcupine. It contains two snakes like single strands of RNA along with reverse transcripts firmly wrapped up in a core, giving HIV its characteristic appearance.
On entering the white blood cells known as CD 4 cells, HIV produces its own DNA and sees to it that this gets inserted into the DNA of the host cell. The viral DNA has enough power and information to direct the destiny of the cell. It can force the cell to manufacture several new copies of HIV. However due to certain trigger and regulatory mechanisms, the viral DNA lies dormant in the host cell for several years before it begins to do the damage.
It has been known that CD4 lymphocytes are mainly affected by the HIV when these classes of lymphocytes are destroyed. It produces an immunological imbalance in the body and weakens the resistance to several opportunistic infections, consequently leading to death. The medicines available at present produce a decrease of the viral load, but as they are immunosuppresents they can produce a deterioration of the patients’ immunity.
People infected with HIV may take 7 – 10 years to develop AIDS.
AID/HIV in Ayurveda may be considered as Ojakshaya, meaning the loss of Vital Energy or immunity. The symptoms, Signs and Causative factors (Nidan), and the Treatment aspect has been described in many Ayurvedic Treaties like Charak Samhita, Susrutha Samhita and Ashtanga Hrudaya, Bhavprakash, Vaidya Chintamani and Chakradatta etc.
Ojas is essence of our body. Ojas is otherwise explained as ‘Bala’ (strength or immunity) and ‘Dhatusara’. Ojas is of two types namely, ‘para ojas’ and ‘Apara ojas’. The ‘ojas’ of para(excellent) type is eight drops in quantity, is located within the heart and death occurs when this get depleted. The other type ‘Apara ojas’ is also known as ‘sleshmaka ojas’, the quantity of which is described as Ardha Anjali and distributed throughout the body. When this ojas is not affected the bodily functions will be normal.
In conditions like HIV/AIDS, where loss of ojas is a prominent feature, people are found to be susceptible to various other diseases or infections.
The general acceptance is that, when someone suffers from Sexually Transmitted Disease or STD, the risk of getting affected by HIV increases for that particular person. This is true for both biological as well as for behavioral reasons.
HIV is one of the diseases which are caused as a result of sexual transmission. Before knowing the exact link between HIV and STD, understanding what the two concepts exactly are, would be beneficial.
Let us now look at the two concepts in detail:
STD -
Now, we will discuss the symptoms of STD in men and women, which would give a clear picture as to how do they differ between the two sexes:
Symptoms in Men -
Symptoms in Women -
Some of the common symptoms of STD among women include:
Types of STDs
HIV happens to be one of the STDs. Other diseases include:
Now, let us talk about HIV in detail:
HIV is a kind of virus that tends to damage the immune system. The immune system primarily helps the human body in fighting against infections and different kinds of diseases. HIV that is untreated causes infection and also goes on to kill CD4 cells, which are a kind of immune cell known as T cells.
Some of the early symptoms include:
Though these symptoms getaway within a month people can even carry HIV without having serious or any kind of symptoms that persist and live for many years.
Some of those symptoms are:
The relation between STD and HIV
Research suggests that Sexually Transmitted Diseases like Gonorrhea and Syphilis not only look to provide HIV very easy access to cells and tissues of the body that are vulnerable but also STD co-infection can actually lead to an increase in the infections of the person with HIV, hence making them more probable towards transmitting the virus to others.
People, who are already suffering from Sexually Transmitted Diseases, can increase their susceptibility towards HIV through a number of ways. They are as follows:
Some of the major concerns are Sexually Transmitted Diseases like Infective Syphilis, Gonorrhea, and Herpes, with the strong evidence getting established regarding the fact that Chlamydia can also lead to an increased risk of HIV among women.
The general acceptance is that, when someone suffers from Sexually Transmitted Disease or STD, the risk of getting affected by HIV increases for that particular person. This is true for both biological as well as for behavioral reasons.
HIV is one of the diseases which are caused as a result of sexual transmission. Before knowing the exact link between HIV and STD, understanding what the two concepts exactly are, would be beneficial.
Let us now look at the two concepts in detail:
STD -
Now, we will discuss the symptoms of STD in men and women, which would give a clear picture as to how do they differ between the two sexes:
Symptoms in Men -
Symptoms in Women -
Some of the common symptoms of STD among women include:
Types of STDs
HIV happens to be one of the STDs. Other diseases include:
Now, let us talk about HIV in detail:
HIV is a kind of virus that tends to damage the immune system. The immune system primarily helps the human body in fighting against infections and different kinds of diseases. HIV that is untreated causes infection and also goes on to kill CD4 cells, which are a kind of immune cell known as T cells.
Some of the early symptoms include:
Though these symptoms getaway within a month people can even carry HIV without having serious or any kind of symptoms that persist and live for many years.
Some of those symptoms are:
The relation between STD and HIV
Research suggests that Sexually Transmitted Diseases like Gonorrhea and Syphilis not only look to provide HIV very easy access to cells and tissues of the body that are vulnerable but also STD co-infection can actually lead to an increase in the infections of the person with HIV, hence making them more probable towards transmitting the virus to others.
People, who are already suffering from Sexually Transmitted Diseases, can increase their susceptibility towards HIV through a number of ways. They are as follows:
Some of the major concerns are Sexually Transmitted Diseases like Infective Syphilis, Gonorrhea, and Herpes, with the strong evidence getting established regarding the fact that Chlamydia can also lead to an increased risk of HIV among women.
What is HIV?
HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It’s a virus that’s passed from person to person through the blood stream. Once HIV is in the blood stream, it begins to attack a person’s immune system and works to kill off healthy immune system cells.
There’s currently no cure for HIV; once a person is diagnosed with the virus it stays in their system for life. There are, however, many quality medications available to help people who live with HIV.
How does HIV work?
HIV belongs to a group of viruses called Retroviruses which work by invading the genetic material of cells within your body. Normally, the body’s immune system would fight off such a virus, but HIV stops this from happening by infecting CD4, or T-cells, which are the cells that fight off infection. The virus can live in the body for years without causing obvious damage, though it will continue replicating over this time.
What happens if you are infected with HIV?
A person infected with HIV is described as "HIV positive", meaning that they receive a "positive" result from a blood test for HIV infection.Many people with HIV continue to look and feel well throughout their lifetime. They may not even be aware that they are living with the virus. However, many HIV positive people do eventually develop different infections and cancers that the body would otherwise normally be able to fight. This can lead to an HIV positive person being diagnosed with AIDS.
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