A layer of cells surrounds the brain to protect it from harmful substances and form the blood-brain barrier. Aquaporin 4, also known as AQP 4, is a water channel protein that is available in these cells in the brain and the spinal cord. It works as a water transport channel in the cell membrane. The AQP 4 is responsible for transporting antibodies into the brain that cause inflammation and relapse inside the brain, known as Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO). The Anti-AQP 4 Neuromyelitis Optica Antibody test identifies this disease and more neurological issues caused due to AQP 4 antibodies.