Brucella IgG Antibody Tips

Dr. Vitrag Shah 88% (642 ratings)
Critical Care Training, MD - Internal Medicine, MBBS
General Physician, Delhi
Dengue - Important Information

Dengue fever is a painful mosquito-borne disease. It is caused by any one of four types of dengue virus, which is transmitted by the bite of an infected female Aedes aegypti mosquito.

Previous dengue infection with similar serotype provides immunity but different serotype causes more severe infection.

Common symptoms of dengue include high fever, runny nose, a mild skin rash, cough, and pain behind the eyes and in the joints. However, some people may develop a red and white patchy skin rash followed by loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, etc.

Patients suffering from dengue should seek medical advice, rest and drink plenty of fluids. Paracetamol can be taken to bring down fever and reduce joint pains. However, aspirin or ibuprofen should not be taken since they can increase the risk of bleeding.

The risk of complications is in less than 1% of dengue cases and, if warning signals are known to the public, all deaths from dengue can be avoided.

Lab Test

NS1
Best test is NS1, specific
Cannot be false +ve
Is + from day 1 to 7 ideally.
If on day 1 is -ve, repeat it next day.
Always ask for ELISA based NS1 tests as card tests are misleading.


IgG & IgM dengue

In a pt with reduced platelets and looking "sick" on day 3 or 4 of illness, a very high titre of IgG with borderline rise in IgM signifies secondary dengue. These pts are more prone to complications.
In primary dengue IgG becomes + at end of 7 days, while IgM is + after day 4.

Immature Platelet fraction (IPF)

A very useful test in Dengue for patients with thrombocytopenia.

If IPF in such a pt is > 10%, despite a platelet count of 20, 000, he is out of danger & platelets will rise in 24 hrs.

If its 6%, repeat the same next day. Now if IPF has increased to 8% his platelets will certainly increase within 48 hrs.

If its less then 5%, then his bone marrow will not respond for 3-4 days & may be a likely candidate for platelet transfusion.

Better to do an IPF even with borderline low platelet count.



A low Mean Platelet volume or MPV means platelets are functionally inefficient and such patients need more attention.


The primary cause of death in patients suffering from dengue is capillary leakage, which causes fluid deficiency in the intravascular compartment, leading to multi-organ failure. Platelet deficiency is not the cause of death in most of the patient suffering from Dengue .

According to International guidelines, unless a patient’s platelet count is below 10,000 or there is spontaneous, active bleeding, no platelet transfusion is required. The outbreak of dengue in the City and Hospital beds are full and families are seen running around in search of platelets for transfusion. However what most people do not realize is that the first line of treatment for dengue is not platelet transfusion. In fact, it does more harm than good if used in a patient whose counts are over 10,000.

At the first instance of plasma leakage from the intravascular compartment to the extravascular compartment, fluid replacement amounting to 20 ml per kg body weight per hour must be administered. This must be continued till the difference between the upper and lower blood pressure is over 40 mmHg, or the patient passes adequate urine. This is all that is required to treat the patient. Giving unnecessary platelet transfusion can make the patient more sick.

“While treating dengue patients, physicians should remember the ‘Formula of 20' i.e. rise in pulse by more than 20; fall of BP by more than 20; difference between lower and upper BP of less than 20 and presence of more than 20 hemorrhagic spots on the arm after a tourniquet test suggest a high-risk situation and the person needs immediate medical attention.”

Read WHO guidelines for further fluid management strategies & Hematocrit monitoring.

Allergies - Causes, Symptoms & Treatment Of Them!

Dr. Mounika Kasam 90% (85 ratings)
MD - Homeopathy
Homeopathy Doctor, Hyderabad
Allergies - Causes, Symptoms & Treatment Of Them!

Allergies, or allergic reactions, are common occurrences, which are caused by unnatural reactions between your body's immune system and foreign substances, which have gained access into the body. When these substances, known as allergens, enter your body, your immune system produces antibodies, which are responsible for warding off unwanted substances like harmful viruses or diseases and helping in the body's overall resistance.

However, when antibodies identify a particular allergen as harmful, when it really isn't, a reaction occurs which may lead to inflammation or infection of the skin, sinuses, the digestive tract and the respiratory tract, among others. Allergies usually differ from individual to individual and can vary from mild skin irritations to fatal life-threatening emergencies.

Symptoms
Symptoms of allergies depend upon a wide range of factors, which are subjective and vary from person to person and from allergen to allergen. Depending upon the type of allergen involved and the nature of the allergy, symptoms may include any of the following:

  1. Sneezing
  2. Running nose
  3. Severe itching
  4. Swollen or red and watery eyes
  5. Hives
  6. Rashes
  7. Facial swelling
  8. Wheezing
  9. Flaky skin which can peel off

These symptoms are common in mild to moderate allergies, such as atopic dermatitishay fever, drug or food allergies. There are certain rare cases (say, scorpion stings), however, in which the allergic reaction turns out to be potentially life-threatening. This type of reaction is known as anaphylaxis. Here are its signs and symptoms:

  1. Intense shortness of breath
  2. Lightheadedness
  3. Nausea and vomiting
  4. Loss of consciousness
  5. Skin rashes
  6. Weak pulse
  7. A significant drop in blood pressure

Causes
The main cause of allergy is the uncontrolled reaction between the immune system's antibodies and harmless allergens. Allergic reactions are triggered when antibodies, like histamine, come into contact with particular types of allergens. These may include:

  1. Airborne allergens: Pollen, mold, or dust mites
  2. Insect stings: Bee stings or scorpion stings
  3. Certain eatablesPeanuts or sea food
  4. Medications: Penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics
  5. Latex: Latex or other substances,  which are responsible for causing allergic skin reactions
4708 people found this helpful

Allergies - Causes Behind It!

Dr. Chandran Pappath Narayanan 91% (557 ratings)
BHMS, MD - Alternate Medicine, CMLD, Learning Disability
Homeopathy Doctor, Thrissur
Allergies - Causes Behind It!

Allergies, or allergic reactions, are common occurrences, which are caused by unnatural reactions between your body's immune system and foreign substances, which have gained access into the body. When these substances, known as allergens, enter your body, your immune system produces antibodies, which are responsible for warding off unwanted substances like harmful viruses or diseases and helping in the body's overall resistance.

However, when antibodies identify a particular allergen as harmful, when it really isn't, a reaction occurs which may lead to inflammation or infection of the skin, sinuses, the digestive tract and the respiratory tract, among others. Allergies usually differ from individual to individual and can vary from mild skin irritations to fatal life-threatening emergencies.

Symptoms
Symptoms of allergies depend upon a wide range of factors, which are subjective and vary from person to person and from allergen to allergen. Depending upon the type of allergen involved and the nature of the allergy, symptoms may include any of the following:

  1. Sneezing
  2. Running nose
  3. Severe itching
  4. Swollen or red and watery eyes
  5. Hives
  6. Rashes
  7. Facial swelling
  8. Wheezing
  9. Flaky skin which can peel off

These symptoms are common in mild to moderate allergies, such as atopic dermatitis, hay fever, drug or food allergies. There are certain rare cases (say, scorpion stings), however, in which the allergic reaction turns out to be potentially life-threatening. This type of reaction is known as anaphylaxis. Here are its signs and symptoms:

  1. Intense shortness of breath
  2. Lightheadedness
  3. Nausea and vomiting
  4. Loss of consciousness
  5. Skin rashes
  6. Weak pulse
  7. A significant drop in blood pressure

Causes
The main cause of allergy is the uncontrolled reaction between the immune system's antibodies and harmless allergens. Allergic reactions are triggered when antibodies, like histamine, come into contact with particular types of allergens. These may include:

  1. Airborne allergens: Pollen, mold, or dust mites
  2. Insect stings: Bee stings or scorpion stings
  3. Certain eatables: Peanuts or sea food
  4. Medications: Penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics
  5. Latex: Latex or other substances,  which are responsible for causing allergic skin reactions. If you wish to discuss about any specific problem, you can consult a Homeopath.
3572 people found this helpful

Dr. Poonam Nautiyal 86% (14 ratings)
DNB (Obstetrics and Gynecology), DGO, MBBS
Gynaecologist, Mumbai
1)Who should go for preconception counselling and when?
Every couple should visit their doctor for it at least three months prior planning to have a baby.
Both partners should be physically and mentally healthy to start their journey of responsibility and joy.

2)What to expect on your visit to your doctor?
Your doctor will take a detailed medical history of yours and your family too. She will examine you and will advice some tests like blood sugars ; haemoglobin; thyroid tests; antibodies to rubella and toxoplasma and more depending on your history.The aim is to diagnose and treat any medical illness or deficiency found before you conceive.

3)Steps to be taken.......
8 people found this helpful

Dr. Rahman 92% (914 ratings)
Bachelor of Unani Medicine and Surgery (B.U.M.S)
Sexologist, Chennai
Infectious Disease
Infections are caused by viruses, bacteria, mold and other organisms and lead to conditions like flu, chicken pox, pneumonia, sore throat, rashes, malaria and other ills. An infection occurs when these germs attack the body, causing it to respond with antibodies and white blood cells to defend itself. Preventing infectious disease involves eating a healthy diet, getting proper exercise to keep the body strong, and keeping clean by washing hands regularly.
2 people found this helpful

Allergies - Symptoms & Causes Of them!

MD- Homeopathy
Homeopathy Doctor, Chandigarh
Allergies - Symptoms & Causes Of them!

Allergies, or allergic reactions, are common occurrences which are caused by unnatural reactions between your body's immune system and foreign substances which have gained access into the body. When these substances, known as allergens, enter your body, your immune system produces antibodies which are responsible for warding off unwanted substances like harmful viruses or diseases and helping in the body's overall resistance.

However, when your antibodies identify a particular allergen as harmful, when it really isn't, a reaction occurs which may lead to inflammation or infection of the skin, sinuses, the digestive tract and the respiratory tract, among others.
Allergies usually differ from individual to individual and can vary from mild skin irritations to fatal life-threatening emergencies.

Symptoms

Symptoms of allergies depend upon a wide range of factors which are subjective and vary from person to person and from allergen to allergen.
Depending upon the type of allergen involved and the nature of the allergy, symptoms may include any of the following:
1.Sneezing
2.Running nose
3.Severe itching
4.Swollen or red and watery eyes
5.Hives
6.Rashes
7.Facial swelling
8.Wheezing
9.Flaky skin which can peel off

These symptoms are common in mild to moderate allergies such as atopic dermatitis, hay fever, drug or food allergies. There are certain rare cases (say, scorpion stings), however, in which the allergic reaction turns out to be potentially life-threatening. This type of reaction is known as anaphylaxis. Here are its 
 

Signs and symptoms:
1.Intense shortness of breath
2.Lightheadedness
3.Nausea and vomiting
4.Loss of consciousness
5.Skin rashes
6.Weak pulse
7.A significant drop in blood pressure

Causes
The main cause of allergies is the uncontrolled reaction between the immune system's antibodies and harmless allergens. Allergic reactions are triggered when antibodies, like histamine, come into contact with particular types of allergens. These may include:
1.Airborne allergens - pollen, mold, or dust mites
2.Insect stings - bee stings or scorpion stings
3.Certain eatables - peanuts or sea food
4.Medications - penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics
5.Latex or other substances which are responsible for causing allergic skin reactions

2890 people found this helpful

Allergies - What Are The Symptoms And Causes?

BHMS
Sexologist, Kolkata
Allergies - What Are The Symptoms And Causes?

Allergies, or allergic reactions, are common occurrences which are caused by unnatural reactions between your body's immune system and foreign substances which have gained access into the body. When these substances, known as allergens, enter your body, your immune system produces antibodies which are responsible for warding off unwanted substances like harmful viruses or diseases and helping in the body's overall resistance.

However, when your antibodies identify a particular allergen as harmful, when it really isn't, a reaction occurs which may lead to inflammation or infection of the skin, sinuses, the digestive tract and the respiratory tract, among others.
Allergies usually differ from individual to individual and can vary from mild skin irritations to fatal life-threatening emergencies.

Symptoms

Symptoms of allergies depend upon a wide range of factors which are subjective and vary from person to person and from allergen to allergen.
Depending upon the type of allergen involved and the nature of the allergy, symptoms may include any of the following:
1.Sneezing
2.Running nose
3.Severe itching
4.Swollen or red and watery eyes
5.Hives
6.Rashes
7.Facial swelling
8.Wheezing
9.Flaky skin which can peel off

These symptoms are common in mild to moderate allergies such as atopic dermatitis, hay fever, drug or food allergies. There are certain rare cases (say, scorpion stings), however, in which the allergic reaction turns out to be potentially life-threatening. This type of reaction is known as anaphylaxis.

Here are its signs and symptoms:
1.Intense shortness of breath
2.Lightheadedness
3.Nausea and vomiting
4.Loss of consciousness
5.Skin rashes
6.Weak pulse
7.A significant drop in blood pressure

Causes
The main cause of allergies is the uncontrolled reaction between the immune system's antibodies and harmless allergens. Allergic reactions are triggered when antibodies, like histamine, come into contact with particular types of allergens.

These may include:
1.Airborne allergens -
pollen, mold, or dust mites
2.Insect stings - bee stings or scorpion stings
3.Certain eatables - peanuts or sea food
4.Medications - penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics
5.Latex or other substances which are responsible for causing allergic skin reactions

5121 people found this helpful

Allergies - Symptoms And Causes

B.H.M.S, M.D.(Hom.)
Homeopathy Doctor, Kolkata
Allergies - Symptoms And Causes

Allergies, or allergic reactions, are common occurrences, which are caused by unnatural reactions between your body's immune system and foreign substances, which have gained access into the body. When these substances, known as allergens, enter your body, your immune system produces antibodies, which are responsible for warding off unwanted substances like harmful viruses or diseases and helping in the body's overall resistance.

However, when antibodies identify a particular allergen as harmful, when it really isn't, a reaction occurs which may lead to inflammation or infection of the skin, sinuses, the digestive tract and the respiratory tract, among others. Allergies usually differ from individual to individual and can vary from mild skin irritations to fatal life-threatening emergencies.

Symptoms
Symptoms of allergies depend upon a wide range of factors, which are subjective and vary from person to person and from allergen to allergen. Depending upon the type of allergen involved and the nature of the allergy, symptoms may include any of the following:

  1. Sneezing
  2. Running nose
  3. Severe itching
  4. Swollen or red and watery eyes
  5. Hives
  6. Rashes
  7. Facial swelling
  8. Wheezing
  9. Flaky skin which can peel off

These symptoms are common in mild to moderate allergies, such as atopic dermatitis, hay fever, drug or food allergies. There are certain rare cases (say, scorpion stings), however, in which the allergic reaction turns out to be potentially life-threatening. This type of reaction is known as anaphylaxis. Here are its signs and symptoms:

  1. Intense shortness of breath
  2. Lightheadedness
  3. Nausea and vomiting
  4. Loss of consciousness
  5. Skin rashes
  6. Weak pulse
  7. A significant drop in blood pressure

Causes
The main cause of allergy is the uncontrolled reaction between the immune system's antibodies and harmless allergens. Allergic reactions are triggered when antibodies, like histamine, come into contact with particular types of allergens. These may include:

  1. Airborne allergens: Pollen, mold, or dust mites
  2. Insect stings: Bee stings or scorpion stings
  3. Certain eatables: Peanuts or sea food
  4. Medications: Penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics
  5. Latex: Latex or other substances,  which are responsible for causing allergic skin reactions

    If you wish to discuss about any specific problem, you can consult a homeopath.

3278 people found this helpful

Symptoms And Causes Of Allergies

Dr. Kavita Dhavalikar 85% (19 ratings)
MD - Homeopath, BHMS
Homeopathy Doctor, Pune
Symptoms And Causes Of Allergies

Allergies, or allergic reactions, are common occurrences which are caused by unnatural reactions between your body's immune system and foreign substances which have gained access into the body. When these substances, known as allergens, enter your body, your immune system produces antibodies which are responsible for warding off unwanted substances like harmful viruses or diseases and helping in the body's overall resistance.

However, when your antibodies identify a particular allergen as harmful, when it really isn't, a reaction occurs which may lead to inflammation or infection of the skin, sinuses, the digestive tract and the respiratory tract, among others.

Allergies usually differ from individual to individual and can vary from mild skin irritations to fatal life-threatening emergencies.

Symptoms

Symptoms of allergies depend upon a wide range of factors which are subjective and vary from person to person and from allergen to allergen.

Depending upon the type of allergen involved and the nature of the allergy, symptoms may include any of the following:

1. Sneezing
2. Running nose
3. Severe itching
4. Swollen or red and watery eyes
5. Hives
6. Rashes
7. Facial swelling
8. Wheezing
9. Flaky skin which can peel off

These symptoms are common in mild to moderate allergies such as atopic dermatitis, hay fever, drug or food allergies. There are certain rare cases (say, scorpion stings), however, in which the allergic reaction turns out to be potentially life-threatening. This type of reaction is known as anaphylaxis. Here are its signs and symptoms:

1. Intense shortness of breath
2. Lightheadedness
3. Nausea and vomiting
4. Loss of consciousness
5. Skin rashes
6. Weak pulse
7. A significant drop in blood pressure

Causes

The main cause of allergies is the uncontrolled reaction between the immune system's antibodies and harmless allergens. Allergic reactions are triggered when antibodies, like histamine, come into contact with particular types of allergens. These may include:

1. Airborne allergens - pollen, mold, or dust mites
2. Insect stings - bee stings or scorpion stings
3. Certain eatables - peanuts or sea food
4. Medications - penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics
5. Latex or other substances which are responsible for causing allergic skin reactions

5464 people found this helpful

9 Symptoms Of Allergies!

Dr. Mohit Gupta 90% (125 ratings)
BHMS
Homeopathy Doctor, Delhi
9 Symptoms Of Allergies!

Allergies, or allergic reactions, are common occurrences, which are caused by unnatural reactions between your body's immune system and foreign substances, which have gained access into the body. When these substances, known as allergens, enter your body, your immune system produces antibodies, which are responsible for warding off unwanted substances like harmful viruses or diseases and helping in the body's overall resistance.

However, when antibodies identify a particular allergen as harmful, when it really isn't, a reaction occurs which may lead to inflammation or infection of the skin, sinuses, the digestive tract and the respiratory tract, among others. Allergies usually differ from individual to individual and can vary from mild skin irritations to fatal life-threatening emergencies.

Symptoms
Symptoms of allergies depend upon a wide range of factors, which are subjective and vary from person to person and from allergen to allergen. Depending upon the type of allergen involved and the nature of the allergy, symptoms may include any of the following:

  1. Sneezing
  2. Running nose
  3. Severe itching
  4. Swollen or red and watery eyes
  5. Hives
  6. Rashes
  7. Facial swelling
  8. Wheezing
  9. Flaky skin which can peel off

These symptoms are common in mild to moderate allergies, such as atopic dermatitis, hay fever, drug or food allergies. There are certain rare cases (say, scorpion stings), however, in which the allergic reaction turns out to be potentially life-threatening. This type of reaction is known as anaphylaxis. Here are its signs and symptoms:

  1. Intense shortness of breath
  2. Lightheadedness
  3. Nausea and vomiting
  4. Loss of consciousness
  5. Skin rashes
  6. Weak pulse
  7. A significant drop in blood pressure

Causes
The main cause of allergy is the uncontrolled reaction between the immune system's antibodies and harmless allergens. Allergic reactions are triggered when antibodies, like histamine, come into contact with particular types of allergens. These may include:

  1. Airborne allergens: Pollen, mold, or dust mites
  2. Insect stings: Bee stings or scorpion stings
  3. Certain eatables: Peanuts or sea food
  4. Medications: Penicillin or penicillin-based antibiotics
  5. Latex: Latex or other substances,  which are responsible for causing allergic skin reactions. If you wish to discuss about any specific problem, you can ask a free question.
4899 people found this helpful