Culture and Sensitivity - Pus Swab Tips

What is conjunctivitis?

An inflammation of the conjunctiva, sometimes known as pink eye, is medically referred to as conjunctivitis. The conjunctiva is a thin, transparent covering that covers the white area of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids. Pink eye is a frequent name for this condition. It is a condition that can be brought on by either an infection caused by viruses or by bacteria.

What are the signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis?

The following is a list of common signs and symptoms of conjunctivitis:



Redness and swelling of the eyelid and the white part of the eye


Pain, itching, or burning in one or both eyes


Abnormally large amounts of tears or discharge coming from either one or both eyes


Blurred vision


Sensitivity to light (photophobia)


The sensation that something is gritty and embedded in your eye.


An increase in mucus production



What are possible complications of conjunctivitis?

Conjunctivitis can have a range of potential complications, including:



Spread of infection: in the absence of appropriate treatment, the infection has the potential to spread to other regions of the eye.


Recurring inflammation: some people may experience chronic conjunctivitis that does not go away with medications.


Permanent eye scarring: severe cases of conjunctivitis can lead to permanent scarring of the conjunctiva, leading to vision problems and sensitivity to bright light.


Reduced tear production: long-term inflammation caused by some types of conjunctivitis can reduce a person s tear production, leading to increased risk of eye damage over time.


Infected cornea: an improperly treated case of bacterial or viral conjunctivitis can lead to an infection in the cornea, which can result in vision loss and require surgery for correction or repair.



Quick home remedies for conjunctivitis (pink eye)



Put a warm compress on the eyes: applying gentle pressure with a warm, wet washcloth on the eyes can help reduce itching and discomfort.


Avoid rubbing or touching the eyes: it is important to limit the amount of bacteria that gets near the eye by avoiding any sort of contact. If itching or irritation occurs, let it be and avoid rubbing or touching your eye area.


Clean and change pillowcases often: change bed linens and pillowcases frequently to prevent reinfection if you are suffering from bacterial conjunctivitis.


Refrain from using makeup: avoid using any cosmetics, especially mascara and eyeliner, while your eyes are inflamed in order to reduce irritation that may worsen symptoms of pink eye - especially when it comes to bacterial conjunctivitis!


Increase intake of vitamins a & c: vitamin a helps boost immunity against infection while vitamin c helps fight off inflammation due to conjunctivitis (pink eye). Increasing intake of these vitamins through natural dietary sources such as spinach, carrots, citrus fruits may help provide relief from pink eye symptoms.


Make an ayurvedic decoction with triphala, neem, and ghee: drink this concoction twice daily to reduce inflammation and nourish the eye tissues.


Cow s ghee: add a few drops of pure cow s ghee into each eye before bedtime. This will help to relieve itching caused by conjunctivitis.


Amla juice: rub amla juice around the eyes at least once a day to reduce redness and soothe itchiness associated with conjunctivitis. You can also make a paste of the powder of amla and apply it gently on your eyelids, or drink a teaspoon or two of the juice every day for best results.


Wash your hands regularly: this reduces your risk in spreading the infection to others that may contact you directly or indirectly through items you have touched such as door knobs or phones etc.


Cold compresses: place cold compresses on your eyes every few hours for about 10-15 minutes at a time throughout the day to reduce discomfort from conjunctivitis symptoms such as irritation and swelling in the eye area and redness around the eyes.


Seek immediate medical attention: if you develop any inflammation, pain, discharge from your eyes, itchiness or light sensitivity, you should immediately see a doctor for treatment.


Keep away from anyone who is suffering from conjunctivitis: since it is highly contagious during its active stages, you should avoid coming in contact with conjunctivitis patients.


Wear sunglasses: when going outside, wear sunglasses since sunlight can make infection worse.



What are the surgical treatments for conjunctivitis?

The surgical treatments for conjunctivitis depend on the type of conjunctivitis and severity of the condition. The two main forms are bacterial and allergic conjunctivitis.

For bacterial conjunctivitis, surgery may be an option if medical treatment has failed or if there is a contaminant present. This can involve scraping the affected conjunctival membrane to reduce the presence of bacteria and applying a topical antibiotic to prevent further infection.

For allergic conjunctivitis, surgery may involve draining away excess fluid or removing tissue that has built up due to inflammation caused by allergens. ;

Ocular surface reconstruction: it may also be done to reduce ocular discomfort associated with allergies. Surgery in this case is usually done as a last resort when medications have not alleviated symptoms sufficiently.

Best doctors to consult for conjunctivitis?



Ophthalmologists: an ophthalmologist is a type of medical specialist that specialises in the diagnosis and treatment of eye illnesses and disorders like conjunctivitis. Conjunctivitis is one of these diseases and disorders. They are able to prescribe medications to assist minimise the symptoms of the condition, and they are also able to provide advice on preventative actions to help reduce the number of outbreaks.


Optometrists: optometrists are healthcare professionals who specialise in primary eye care services such as vision testing, contact lens fittings, eyeglass prescriptions and management of certain eye diseases, such as conjunctivitis.


General practitioners (gps): gps are trained to diagnose and treat a variety of illnesses or conditions related to different organs in the body, including eyesight problems such as conjunctivitis. Gp s may refer individuals for specialised testing for further examination if necessary or earlier diagnosis is desired.

1 Dr. Chanchal gadodiya

Https://www. Lybrate. Com/pune/doctor/dr-chanchal-gadodiya-ophthalmologist

M. B. B. S, ms, d. N. B, fellowship in paediatric opth & strabismology



An eye doctor specializing in low vision eyes lasik, and laser eye surgeon, vitreoretinal, cataract, and glaucoma surgeon oculoplasty and cornea transplant surgeon a pediatric strabismus specialist with a master of science from b y l nair hospital in mumbai and a bachelor of medicine and bachelor of surgery from b j medical college in pune, national board of examination, delhi. (maharashtra university of health and sciences) -2016, also having a clinical certification of d. N. B. -2017 aravind eye hospital, madurai, india fellowship in pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus in 2019. He is an important part of the international council of ophthalmology

;

9 years of experience 500 at the clinic



;2 Dr. Shreyas shah, md

Https://www. Lybrate. Com/coimbatore/doctor/dr-shreyas-shah-ophthalmologist

M. B. B. S, d. N. B. (ophthalmology), r. O. P, fvrs-fellowship vitreo retina surgery, mrcs-edinburgh

He is an experienced ophthalmologist and vitreoretinal surgeon with qualifications including m. B. B. S. From krishna institute of medical sciences, karad - 2011 d. N. B. (ophthalmology) - rajan eye care, chennai - 2015 ophthalmologist and vitreoretinal surgeon r. O. P. From l. V. P. E. I. Hyderabad in 2016 f. V. R. S, i. E. Fellowship vitreo retina surgery from aravind eye hospital in 2019also achieved m. R. C. S. From university of edinburgh in 2018 having comprehensive experience as a resident doctor at nayanjyot eye hospital and also at prabhudesai eye clinic, working as an s. R. At sanjeevan hospital. He is also a member of international council of ophthalmology and all india ophthalmic society and also an essential part of ophthalmological society representative of madras city ophthalmological association.



11 years experience 100 - 700 at clinic 300 online

3 Dr. Nitin prabhudesai

Https://www. Lybrate. Com/pune/doctor/dr-nitin-prabhudesai-ophthalmologist

M. B. B. S, bachelor of medicine and bachelor of surgery, ms-ophthalmology, doms ;



Ophthalmology is one of the clinical specialties that he is interested in. He is a specialized eye surgeon as well as a lasik and laser eye surgeon, and he has built a reputation for himself as a person who defines quality by delivering 38 years of experience in giving people who are battling vision impairments hope. His conviction, as well as his life's work, is to educate others about the significance of ophthalmologic illnesses. He is considered one of the best ophthalmologists in the community. His education includes m. B. B. S. And master of surgery b. Y. L. Nair charitable hospital in 1989 and doctor of osteopathic medicine from college of physicians and surgeons in mumbai in 1988. He has won gold medal in d. O. M. S. It is a testament to his superiority that he is a reputed part of a. A. O, the all india ophthalmological society, the maharashtra ophthalmological society, and the poona ophthalmological society.

;

38 years of experience 800 at the clinic 1000 online



4 Dr. Sachin bodhale

Https://www. Lybrate. Com/pune/doctor/dr-sachin-bodhale-ophthalmologist

;

Retina & uvea consultant,

He is board-certified as an ophthalmologist and earned his education and clinical competence through the m. S. Program. B. J. Medical college in early 2000s clinical expertise from arvind eye hospital, madurai, fellowship in vitreoretinal arvind eye hospital, madurai, fellowship in vitreoretinal retina & uvea consultant-vasan eye care madurai-2009 when it comes to his specialty, he is a highly skilled physician. Because he is a reputed figure of the f. V. R. S, he is a specialist in treating all conditions affecting children and adolescents related to visual impairments.



20 years of experience, 400-500 at the clinic, 500 online

;

5 Dr. Sangeeta wagh

Https://www. Lybrate. Com/pune/doctor/dr-sangeeta-wagh-ophthalmologist

Ms-ophthalmology

In terms of therapeutic competence, she has worked as an ophthalmologist, had clinical training in the form of a master's degree in ophthalmology from b. J. Medical college in 1989, and is a competent and committed clinician. Additionally, she is an excellent phaco cataract surgeon. Glaucoma surgeon infectious diseases in children, developmental problems in children, and growth issues in children. It is essential to correctly evaluate and diagnose vision and ophthalmic sickness since prompt management lessens the severity of other sepsis problems and makes them less likely to persist.

 

33 years of experience 500-1500 at the clinic

 

6 Dr. Mukesh paryani

Https://www. Lybrate. Com/pune/doctor/dr-mukesh-paryani-ophthalmologist

Fprs, dnb ophthalmology

He is a skilled eye surgeon who has received training in various procedures through various training programs, such as the fprs-narayana nethralaya-2012 and the d. N. B. Opthalmology-hv desai eye hospital-2011. His experience includes serving as the director at neo vision eye care and laser center, the head of department (lasik surgery). He is an important part of the f. P. R. S.

 

11 years of experience, 400 at the clinic, 300 online


 

7 Dr. Piyush bansal

Https://www. Lybrate. Com/pune/doctor/dr-piyush-bansal-ophthalmologist

M. B. B. S, ms-ophthalmology, fellowship of the royal college of surgeons (f. R. C. S.)

 

In addition to his expertise as an ophthalmologist, he holds degrees like m. B. B. S. From Dr. V. M. Govt. Med college in 2000 and Ms. Fellowship of the royal college of surgeons (f. R. C. S.) in vitreoretinal surgery at the l v prasad eye institute in 2013; bachelor of medicine in ophthalmology from Dr. V m govt. Med college in 2010, his previous clinical experience includes working as a clinical associate at the l. V. Prasad eye institute. In addition to this, he is recognized as an expert choice in treating a variety of opthalmological conditions. He is an esteemed figure in the american society of retina specialists and regularly participates in continuing medical education workshops and seminars hosted by the vitreo retinal society of india. In addition to being a well-respected member of the all india ophthalmological society, he is also a member of the maharashtra ophthalmological society, the poona ophthalmological society, the uveitis society of india, the oculoplastic association of india, and the american society of cataract and refractive surgery (a. S. C. R. S.)

 

22 years of experience 700 at the clinic



 

8 Dr. Archana nimbalkar

Https://www. Lybrate. Com/pune/doctor/dr-archana-nimbalkar-ophthalmologist-1

M. B. B. S, d. N. B. (ophthalmology), fellowship in phaco & glaucoma training, 

 

During his career spanning 20 years, he has performed multiple laser-assisted surgeries while working as a pediatric ophthalmologist, a phaco cataract surgeon, and a glaucoma surgeon. He has practiced as a glaucoma surgeon. Additionally, he has worked as a pediatric ophthalmologist. His education began with an m. B. B. S. From the krishna institute of medical science in 2003, followed by a d. N. B. In ophthalmology from the lions n. A. B. Eye hospital in 2009. After that, he completed a fellowship in phaco & glaucoma training at the lions nab eye hospital in miraj in 2010, and then a fellowship in pediatric ophthalmology at the arvind eye care system in madurai in 2012. He is skilled in treating phacoemulsification cataracts, glaucoma, corneal diseases, retinal disorders, and other oculomotor conditions. His memberships include the maharasthra ophthalmic society, where he is an active member, and the all india ophthalmic society, where he is a famous speaker. Ophthalmological society of delhi

 

19 years of experience, 400 at the clinic, 300 online

 

9 Dr. Hemant kamble

Https://www. Lybrate. Com/varanasi/doctor/dr-hemant-kamble-ophthalmologist

M. B. B. S, md-ophthalmology

He is not only highly skilled in the field of ophthalmology but also very skilled in eye surgery. He is an expert in a wide variety of eye conditions and surgical procedures, including the treatment of myopia, hypermetropia, cataract, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy, among others, such as phacoemulsification cataracts. His schooling includes a bachelor of medicine and bachelor of surgery degree from topiwala national medical college in mumbai in 2009 and a doctor of medicine degree in ophthalmology from all india institute of medical science in 2013.

 

13 years of experience 300 at the clinic

 

10 Dr. Anand raut

Https://www. Lybrate. Com/mumbai/doctor/dr-anand-raut-ophthalmologist

M. B. B. S, diploma in ophthalmology

 

Anand is an ophthalmologist with 24 years of experience in the ophthalmology clinic. He specializes in treating clinical vision-related issues such as glaucoma, corneal inflammation, angle closure glaucoma, keratitis, stye, chalazion, and other bacterial and fungal eye diseases. Additionally, he manages a variety of ophthalmologic conditions, such as oculomotor deficiencies and ocular motor disorders. He is also an expert in surgical procedures like lasik, cataracts, and minimally invasive surgery. He earned his m. B. B. S. In 2002 and a diploma in ophthalmology from rajiv gandhi university of health sciences, a reputable institution (2012).

 

20 years of experience 200 at the clinic

 

 


 

 



 

Skin disorders are one of the most contagious and prolonged disorders greatly differing in symptoms and severity. They can be curable or incurable and maybe more and less painful depending on the severity of the infection. Some of them have situational causes, while others may be genetic. Some skin disorders are minor, treated properly by consulting a doctor can be cured in time and others can be prolonged having multiple complications and can be life-threatening.

Skin disorders affect our lives in two different ways first by creating a cosmetic anomaly and secondarily by increasing metabolic adversity and decreasing chances of healthy living

1. Dr.Sandesh Gupta
Diploma in Venerology & Dermatology (DVD), MBBS
27 Years Experience 400 - 500 at clinic 400 online

Dr Gupta is a reputed dermatologist with 27 years of practice .he is Director at Skin n laser center Laxmi Nagar Delhi. he is a renowned member of the Indian Association of Dermatologists Venereologists and Leprologists (IADVL) Cosmetic Society of India (CSI) Delhi Medical Association (DMA) MCSI (Cosmetology). He provides good results acne treatment, hair follicle treatment, vampire face lift treatment, derma roller treatment, anti-aging treatment, and bleaching treatment.

2. Dr. A.K.Chatterjee
46 Years Experience 500 at clinic 400 online
Dr. A.K.Chatterjee runs his own practice at CHATTERJEE SKIN CARE CENTER and having as abundant as 46 years of experience and expertise in this field. after gaining expertise as a renowned dermatologist at GTB hospital Delhi and working as a consultant and medical superintendent. With years of experience at a government institution, he is accurate in botox, fillers, laser hair reduction, and laser skin rejuvenation. He always keeps himself updated with the modern and latest technologies and new advancements in treatment. He practicing as a member of the Indian Association of Dermatologists, Venereologists and Leprologists (IADVL), Indian association of leprologists, Cosmetology Society of India (CDSI), Member NAIL Society of India

3. Dr. Pankaj Chaturvedi
MD, MBBS
17 Years Experience 1500 at the clinic
He is a reputed dermatologist with 17 years of practice. after pursuing MBBS he did his MD from AIIMS Delhi. He is being worked as an esteemed member of the International Society of Hair Restoration Surgery (ISHRS) American Academy of Dermatology (AAD) International Society of Dermatology. His fields of expertise include facial hair transplantation, collagen induction therapy, hair mesotherapy, chemical peels, derma rollers, anti-aging treatments, atopic dermatitis treatments, and skin rejuvenation. He is associated with med links clinic situated in Safdarjung enclave Delhi.

4. Dr. Munish Paul
MBBS, MD-Dermatology
28 Years Experience 800 - 1000 at the clinic
Having 28 years of experience and working with many hospitals and clinics in Delhi. He has handled numerous cases of skin conditions with techniques like chemical peeling, anti-aging therapy, derma roller therapy, and laser therapy i.e.for tattoos, and facial hair removal. He is a member of many reputed associations like the Indian Association of Dermatologists, Venereologists & Leprologists (IADVL), the Indian Association of Aesthetic Laser Surgeons, Association of Cutaneous Surgeons of India. due to his expertise in various surgical and cutaneous cosmetic-based treatments, he is one of the most preferred doctors for treatment procedures like PRP therapy, hair transplant, lasers for scars/ pigmentation and hair reduction, botox,

5. Dr. Amit Seth
MD, MBBS
27 Years of Experience 800 at the clinic
He is a well-established consultant dermatologist and a cosmetologist with 27 years of practice. He is currently associated with Dr. Seth's Laser Dermato Surgery Centre. He has a strong academic background, has delivered numerous papers at both the national and international levels, and is a member of numerous groups. his expertise in the field of dermatology leads to winning him the Leading Health Professional award from IBC England he is a senior member of the International Society of Dermatology He has a deep interest in general dermatology, acne treatment, PRP therapy, hair transplant, lasers for scars/ pigmentation and hair reduction, chemical peels, and skin rejuvenation.

6. Dr. Lipy Gupta
MD - Dermatology, Venereology & Leprosy, MBBS
17 Years Experience 700 - 1000 at clinic 1000 online
Dr. Lipy Gupta is a reputed dermatologist with 17 years of practice. She has worked in many parts of India for many years and has treated hundreds of people. She specializes in various treatments like Derma Roller Therapy, Glycolic Peel therapy, Dimple Creation, Lactic Peel Therapy, Photo Facial Therapy, and Electrocautery Therapy. She is also considered very precise and efficient at dermal fillers treatment and med facial and Skin Refinement Treatment.

7. Dr. Sanjeev Jain
MD Dermatology
30 Years Experience 600 at the clinic
Dr. Jain has been practicing for 30 years and currently practices at Dr. Sanjeev Jain's skin care clinic Darya ganj Delhi. being one the early pioneers of skin treatment and developing various newfound methods in Dermatology and Cosmetology in India. He is known for use of advanced procedures and techniques for hair transplants. Apart from hair disorders, he is also known for his anti-aging treatments using laser therapy he also has expertise in Bleaching Therapy, Glycolic Peel Therapy, Dimple Creation, Derma Roller Therapy, Hair Mesotherapy Therapy., etc

8. Dr. Jyoti Sharma
MD - Dermatology, MBBS
19 Years Experience 700 - 800 at clinic
She has 19 years of experience and is considered an expert at laser hair reduction and hair loss treatment by plasma replacement therapy. She is currently affiliated with vardaan skin and bone clinic Rohini Delhi. She is associated with some of the most reputed institutes and associations in India including the university college of medical sciences and GTB hospital Delhi.

She is specialized in the treatment of various skin disorders Keratosis pilaris, eczema, diaper rash, seborrheic dermatitis, warts, and acne. hives.ringworm, rashes from bacterial or fungal infections, and rashes from allergic reactions she is also an expert in various treatment procedures Dimple Creation, Derma Roller Treatment Botox Treatment, Wart Removal, Electrocautery Therapy, etc.

9. Dr. A V Singh
MD, DVD, MBBS
29 Years of Experience 200 - 400 at the clinic
He is among the most popular name in the field. he is Working in Private Practice for the last 17 years. at SKIN CARE CLINIC. he has expertise in anti-aging treatment, aesthetic medicine, and Hair Transplantation. he is one of the expert physicians in treating acne, ringworm, rashes from bacterial or fungal infections, and he has opened a few clinics in different parts of Delhi and is a visiting consultant at different hospitals in Delhi .he is an expert in cosmetic treatments including Restylane Vital therapy, Acne therapy, Botox therapy, Wart Removal, Electrocautery Therapy, Collagen Induction Therapy.

10. Dr. Gaurav Garg
Fellowship In Dermato - Surgery, Fellowship In Hair Transplant Surgery, MD - Dermatology
16 Years Experience 1200 at clinic
He is an expert dermatologist with experience of more than 16 years .he is an esteemed member of EADV, International Society of Dermatology, Indian Association of Dermatologists Venereologists and Leprologists, ACSI, CDSI, Pigmentary Disorder Society, Member of International League of Dermatological Societies. he is an expert in disorders like psoriasis, eczema, atrophic dermatitis, keratitis, keratomalacia, etc he is also a fellowship researcher for leprosy treatment procedure and clinical management of complications of bacterial infections in skin disorders. he specializes in laser treatment, medical cosmetology, and breast lift/augmentation/reduction.

While red bloodshot eyes may look worrisome at first sight, it is not a cause for concern all the time. There are benign, short-lasting bouts that will disappear on their own to serious medical reasons that could require intervention.

Listed below are some common causes and ways to manage red eyes.

Conjunctivitis- The most common cause of red or pink eye is conjunctivitis- infection of the membrane covering the sclera. The blood vessels are irritated and give the eye a red hue. This is contagious and very common in children, needs to be treated with antibiotic drops based on the cause.

Allergy- Be it pollen, dust, dander, or some chemicals, the eyes could be sensitive to it and get inflamed and take on a red colour. This can be treated with a combination of prevention by avoiding exposure to the allergen (which causes the allergy) and some antihistamine drops if required.

Contact lenses- Extended or improper use of contact lenses is the main reason for red eyes in contact lens users. There is reduced lubrication, increased accumulation of dust and microbes if the lens are not removed at frequent intervals. Removal of the lens and visit to the doctor are important for managing this.

Computer Vision Syndrome- With people spending a large amount of time staring at computer screens and tablets and phone screens, the dryness in the eyes increases, thereby leading to red eyes. The reduced blinking when working on computers also affects the condition. It is therefore very important to take conscious breaks to stare away from the monitors and use special glasses if required. In some cases, eye drops may also be required.

Occupational Hazard- For people working outdoors, conditions such as dust, heat, smoke, and dry air increase the chances of red eyes. Reducing exposure as much as possible and use of protective eyewear is extremely essential.

Dry Eye Syndrome- The tear glands produce a constant source of lubrication for the eyes and also cleanse the eyes from the minute dust particles and other irritants. For various reasons, the tears produced may not be sufficient and can lead to red eyes. Artificial tear substitute could be used for managing this.

Some benign reasons like swimming, smoking, lack of sleep, pregnancy, common cold also produce bloodshot eyes.

On the other hand, corneal ulcer, uveitis, ocular herpes, glaucoma, and other medical conditions could also lead to red eyes.

If it persists for more than 2 days, is painful, associated with discharge or sensitivity to light, it is important to seek medical help, especially if associated with injury or trauma.

Most individuals suffer from eye problems sometime in their entire life span. Since our eyes are one of the most important assets and sense organs, periodic check-ups are recommended to prevent serious eye problems. Here is a list of 5 primary eye diseases, their causes and cure:

Conjunctivitis

This disease is commonly called pink eye. It involves swelling of the conjunctiva lines inside the eyelids which cover the sclera of the eyes as well.

Causes

1. May occur because of factors like viruses, bacteria and substances, which cause irritation such as shampoo, smoke, dirt, chlorine in swimming pools.
2. Dust, pollens or similar allergies may cause this disease in sensitive people.
3. This disease is infectious in nature and spreads from person to person.

This disorder may be treated with eye drops, pills or ointments containing antibiotics. Avoid being with other people when affected and also abstain from using contact lenses.

Glaucoma

In the case of this disease, the optic nerve of the eye is damaged and can lead to loss of vision over time. Build-up of pressure takes place inside the eye.

Causes

1. Occurs due to intense pressure within the eyes or the intraocular pressure.
2. The extra pressure destroys the optic nerve.
3. Permanent blindness is caused if the disease is not controlled and treated.

Eye drops, laser surgery, and microsurgery are methods for curing glaucoma.

Ocular Migraine

This temporary disease causes loss of vision in one eye and generally does not last for more than an hour. This might happen after a migraine headache.

Causes

1. Mainly caused due to health-related issues than from eye problems.
2. Also occurs from regular migraines.
3. It is related to spasms caused in the blood vessels of the retina.

This disorder can be cured by using aspirin, epilepsy drugs and blood-pressure medication known as beta blockers.

Retinal vascular occlusion

This disease affects the retina and lowers the supply of oxygen-rich blood.

Causes

1. Factors such as atherosclerosis, blood clots and blockage in arteries, diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity or smoking lead to this disease.
2. The blood flow to the retina is restricted.

Medicines like blood thinners, eye injects such as vascular endothelial growth can cure this disorder.

Ophthalmoplegia

Paralysis of the eye muscles occurs. Can occur in more than one of the eye muscles.

Causes

1. Happens due to interruption of messages sent to the eye from the brain.
2. Caused by muscle disorders.
3. Also caused by migraines, thyroid problems, stroke, etc.
Special eye patches and eyewear are used for treating this disorder, for relieving double vision.

Eye diseases are very common, and a large number of eye diseases can occur from different reasons and causes.

While it's assumed that numerous eye injuries are inflicted at work, just about the same number of them may happen while at home.

Luckily, most eye wounds are preventable. Find ways to prevent eye injuries, as the eyes are very sensitive and delicate.
Here is a list of some of the most common eye injuries and tips on how to prevent them:


- A lot of eye injuries happen from dust particles entering the eyes, causing itching and burning sensation. Protective glasses should be worn when doing any kind of activity in a dusty area with flying particles.


- Pencils, scissors, forks, knives and all similar sharp objects can cause a serious eye injury. Day to day household items like bungee cords, wire coat hangers, rubber bands and fishhooks are capable of causing eye injuries. You must always remain aware and super conscious while using such objects.


- While performing activities such as dusting, sweeping or lawn mowing, make sure to protect your
eyes well as dust is involved.


- Children are very curious by nature. Thus, all hazardous stuff like fertilizers, acids should be kept away from their reach. These contain harmful chemicals, which may inflict fatal damage to the eyes.


- Cooking powder and spices like chili powder can cause injury to the eye. Always wash your hands
after using these items, so that you don't harm the eyes if you by chance rub them with your hands.


- Precautions should be taken while dealing with heat or boiling water or oil. They may spill and cause damage to the eyes.


- Secure floor coverings and railings. On the off chance that a kid or elderly man lives in your home, use a safety gate at the top and base of stairs, and consider covering sharp furniture edges and corners with a padding material.


- While travelling in a car, abrupt jerking or breaks may cause the head to bump and cause injury to the eye. Always put on your seat belt and do not allow children to sit in the front of a car.


- Many modern toys which are very attractive have got sharp edges because of their fancy design. Abstain children from playing with these kinds of toys.


- Laser pointers, a common fun gadget for children is very harmful and causes permanent damage to the retina. Stay away from laser pointers.


- Wear eye gear to protect your eyes during sports activities. Also wear goggles during swimming as chlorine in swimming pool water damages the eyes.
Eye injuries may happen out of nowhere. You must always remain alert to avoid eye injuries.

While red bloodshot eyes may look worrisome at first sight, it is not a cause for concern all the time. There are benign, short-lasting bouts that will disappear on their own to serious medical reasons that could require intervention. Listed below are some common causes and ways to manage red eyes.

Conjunctivitis- The most common cause of red or pink eye is conjunctivitis- infection of the membrane covering the sclera. The blood vessels are irritated and give the eye a red hue. This is contagious and very common in children, needs to be treated with antibiotic drops based on the cause.

Allergy- Be it pollen, dust, dander, or some chemicals, the eyes could be sensitive to it and get inflamed and take on a red colour. This can be treated with a combination of prevention by avoiding exposure to the allergen (which causes the allergy) and some antihistamine drops if required.

Contact lenses- Extended or improper use of contact lenses is the main reason for red eyes in contact lens users. There is reduced lubrication, increased accumulation of dust and microbes if the lens are not removed at frequent intervals. Removal of the lens and visit to the doctor are important for managing this.

Computer Vision Syndrome- With people spending a large amount of time staring at computer screens and tablets and phone screens, the dryness in the eyes increases, thereby leading to red eyes. The reduced blinking when working on computers also affects the condition. It is therefore very important to take conscious breaks to stare away from the monitors and use special glasses if required. In some cases, eye drops may also be required.

Occupational Hazard- For people working outdoors, conditions such as dust, heat, smoke, and dry air increase the chances of red eyes. Reducing exposure as much as possible and use of protective eyewear is extremely essential.

Dry Eye Syndrome- The tear glands produce a constant source of lubrication for the eyes and also cleanse the eyes from the minute dust particles and other irritants. For various reasons, the tears produced may not be sufficient and can lead to red eyes. Artificial tear substitute could be used for managing this.

Some benign reasons like swimming, smoking, lack of sleep, pregnancy, common cold also produce bloodshot eyes.

On the other hand, corneal ulcer, uveitis, ocular herpes, glaucoma, and other medical conditions could also lead to red eyes.

If it persists for more than 2 days, is painful, associated with discharge or sensitivity to light, it is important to seek medical help, especially if associated with injury or trauma.

A child s sense of vision is constantly developing through infancy and childhood. At the same time, there are a number of diseases and eye conditions that may affect a child s vision. The more common amongst these affect the child s ability to focus and the alignment of the eyes. These include:

Amblyopia or lazy eye: This condition refers to underdeveloped vision in one eye. It is a fairly common condition and may be caused by the misalignment of eyes. In such cases, both eyeballs look in different directions and are unable to focus on one object.
Ptosis: In such cases, the upper eyelid droops and partially covers the eye thereby obstructing vision.
Conjunctivitis or pink eye: This refers to a bacterial or viral infection that causes inflammation of the conjunctiva. It is highly contagious and characterised by an itchy discharge in one or both eyes and the reddening of the white part of the eye.
Chalazion: Chalazion is characterised by the development of a small lump on an eyelid. This typically occurs as a result of the clogging of the meibomian gland.
Stye: Styes are a common childhood occurrence. It is usually caused by an infected eyelash and appears as a sore, red lump on the eyelid edge.
Preseptal or orbital cellulitis: Orbital cellulitis usually develops as a result of an eyelid infection or upper respiratory infection. It could also be the result of trauma. Some of the typical symptoms of this condition include redness of the eyes, swelling and pain around the eyes. The swelling may even keep the eye from opening completely.
Blocked tear duct: If the tear duct is blocked, the risk of eye infection is greatly increased. As a result, the child s eyes may water excessively.
In almost all cases of eye infection, the earlier it is diagnosed, the easier it is to treat and the less permanent damage it can cause. Hence, it is important to get your child s eyes checked regularly by an ophthalmologist. Ideally, a child s eyes should be screened at least once between the ages of six months to a year and between three to three and a half years.

Once they start going to school, their eyes should be checked at the slightest complaint of vision problems. This is because refractive errors such as nearsightedness or farsightedness and astigmatism may develop at this age. In many cases, if a child wears corrective glasses in the early stages of such refractive problems, the condition may resolve itself.

Eye allergies or allergic conjunctivitis involves the inflammation of the conjunctiva in the eyes. Eye allergies are different from contagious or bacterial conjunctivitis. Eye allergies are common during summer.

Homeopathy is an ideal way to cure eye allergies without any side effects. Here are some homeopathic medicines, which treat eye allergies, along with the symptoms when they are prescribed.

- Apis Mel
This homeopathic medicine is ideal for eye allergies characterized by burning and stinging in the eyes. Oedema accumulates around the eyes; the eyelids swell and become puffy. Watery discharge comes out of the eyes.

- Euphrasia
This is an ideal medicine for treating eye allergies where there is an acrid discharge from the eyes. The discharge is acidic and burns the skin it comes in contact with, and there is burning pain in the eyes. The eyes stay watery.

- Argentum Nitricum
It is an ideal homeopathic remedy in case of eye allergies with prulent discharge. The patient develops photophobia and splinter like pain is felt in the eyes. The conjunctiva swells and the discharge is abundant.

- Ruta
This is a great homeopathic medicine to cure eye allergies where there is a sensation of a foreign body in the eyes. Indicated by severe eye irritation, the patient feels as if a dust particle is stuck in his eyes. The eyes become red and quite painful.

- Pulsatilla
Pulsatilla is an ideal homeopathic medicine when there is relief due to the application of cold water. Symptoms include discharge of a thick, yellow fluid from the eyes along with itching and burning. The eyelids feel like they have been agglutinated.

In case of eye allergies accompanied by itching or burning sensation, you can apply natural home-based remedies as well. They are:

- Applying a cold compress
Application of cold compress around the allergy affected area will give you relief. Soak a cloth in cold water and apply it gently. Use chamomile tea bags as a cold compress.

- Use cucumber
Put slices of cucumber over the affected area in the eyes to get relief from eye allergies. Cucumbers possess anti-irritation properties and reduce puffiness, swelling and irritation.

- Rosewater
Rosewater is an effective remedy for eye allergies. It soothes and cools the eyes, and the eyes become clear. You can use rose water as an eye drop or wash your eyes with it.

- Green tea
Green tea is completely natural and provides relief to eye allergies. It accounts for soothing the eyes and is anti-inflammatory in nature.

Eye allergies are common and affect people most during the summer. They reoccur every year and give you a bad time. Homeopathic and natural treatment methods for eye allergies are among the best remedies.

Ulcers and perforations of cornea are some very serious clinical conditions, which threaten vision rapidly and progressively, and disintegrate the eye globe. They need to be taken care of immediately to prevent irreparable damage to the eyes. In spite of the advanced medical research and practice, severe injuries, infections, and diseases of cornea can lead to serious corneal perforations, which require surgery necessarily as the ultimate solution.

Urgent reconstructive surgery might be necessary to avoid consecutive endophthalmitis, formation of synechiae (anterior and posterior), and secondary glaucoma to prevent spread of pathogens toward posterior pole of eye globe. This surgery is also performed to avoid other severe complications including inflammation.

The approach of performing surgery to retain corneal integrity depends on localization, size, state of internal globe tissue, and depth and severity of corneal tissue damage. The state of inflammation and causative infection influences the choice and sequence of surgeries. Urgent Penetrating Keratoplasty, Total Penetrating Keratoplasty, and Corneal or Corneo Scleral Patch Graft, or combination of surgical approaches, also called Keratoprosthesis , which are performed only for end-stage, progressive corneal pathology, or the last-chance medical treatment.

Ramon Castroviejo, in 1951, described Penetrating Keratoplasty as a method to replace a larger diseased cornea and sclera lying adjacent to it with donor tissue.

The goal of Penetrating Keratoplasty is tectonic repair of large corneal perforations to restore the integrity of the eye globe and correcting or resolving many other conditions of the eye simultaneously.

When to Perform Penetrating Keratoplasty?

Penetrating Keratoplasty is performed for perforated cornea in the following cases:

Corneal degenerations.

Keratoconus and ectasias.

Corneal dystrophies including Fuchs endothelial dystrophy.

Viral keratitis.

Noninfectious ulcerative keratitis.

Post infectious keratitis.

Microbial keratitis including Fungal and Bacterial keratitis.

Chemical injuries.

Congenital opacities.

Refractive indications.

Mechanical trauma.

Regraft unrelated to allograft rejection.

Regraft related to allograft rejection.

Surgical Procedure:

Surgical procedure involves the following steps:

Preparation of donor tissue is the first step. A corneal button slightly larger than the host corneal opening helps in reducing post-surgical excessive corneal flattening, reducing risk of secondary glaucoma, and enhancing closure of wound.

Afterwards, host cornea is trephined; viscoelastic is filled into the anterior chamber followed by placement of donor tissue on the endothelial side down of recipient's eye.

Cornea is then sutured in place, interruptedly or continuously. Interrupted sutures are preferred in inflamed, vascularized, or thinned corneas and in paediatric cases.

Penetrating Keratoplasty might be performed in combination with cataract surgery, glaucoma surgery, retinal surgery. and secondary intraocular lens implantation.

Take Away:

Penetrating Keratoplasty is the true and last-chance medical treatment to treat large corneal perforations. It is the only ophthalmologic surgical procedure which restores ocular integrity, and at the same time takes care of infections, inflammations, and necrotic tissue. Such a holistic approach minimizes the risk of endophthalmitis and prevents the spread of disease to the globe of the eye. It also improves the probability of graft survival and has a good potential to improve visual acuity.



Penetrating Keratoplasty is an effective surgical process. However, it is always advisable to consult an experienced and skilled surgeon before opting for this method.