As suggested by its name, the JC Virus DNA PCR is used to diagnose the JC Virus. The JC Virus is also known as the John Cunningham Virus. A few decades ago, it was known as Papovavirus. The virus is genetically alike SV40 and the BK Virus. The virus causes a wide range of diseases like PML and immunodeficiency. People infected by this virus lose their ability to fight infections Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique used to detect JC Virus. It uses small amounts of DNA to test for signs of the infection. The test amplifies or generates copies of a specific sequence and determines the chances of an infection.
The patient has to be mentally prepared for the test. The test can be performed on different types of samples. Doctors will advise on an ideal sample collection method. Patients can decide to give stool samples, tissues or organ samples. Sometimes, cell lines will be extracted from the patient. Patients are not expected to follow a special diet or fast. They can stick to their daily lifestyle.
PCR is used to test the JC Virus. Additionally, it plays an important role in forensics, mutation detection, cloning, microarrays, genotyping cloning and paternity tests. This polymerase chain reaction test happens in three steps. Doctors consider PCR as a tool for detecting the JC Virus DNA. The procedure is reproducible, rapid and can be performed easily. PCR tests indicate the presence of neurological diseases. If the patient has CNS disorders, the signs and symptoms can be diagnosed using PCR. There are many variations in this technique. The quantitative one is used to test viral diseases and the count of cancerous cells in patients who are undergoing treatments.
Samples are collected in authorized centers. The samples must be appropriate. It must be cell lines, fecal samples or appropriate tissue. Tissue samples can be taken from the lung or liver. The samples are sent to labs in individual tubes. Faecal matter should be carefully pooled and sent for testing. At least two fecal pellets are required. The cell lines collected during the procedure should be 1 x 10^6 cells. The cell lines are neatly sealed inside plastic bags or containers. The samples are stored at -80 degrees Celsius. They are collected and transported immediately.
Type | Gender | Age-Group | Value |
---|---|---|---|
JC Virus DNA
|
Unisex
|
All age groups
|
Detected in positive
|
Bladder cancer is characterized by irregular growth of abnormal tissue (tumor) on the lining of the bladder. This type of cancer may spread to the surrounding tissues or other body parts as well.
What are the causes?
Bladder cancer can be caused by environment-related factors and smoking. In fact, smoking tobacco is one of the major causes of bladder cancer around the world. The chemicals present in tobacco can irritate the bladder lining which ultimately leads to bladder cancer. It may also be caused by continuous exposure to chemicals such as dyes or leather dust and radiation. These chemicals tend to cause unusual changes in the cells of the bladder lining and causes cancer in the bladder.
It can also be caused by modifications in the dna in the cells of the bladder which may impair the functioning of the cells in the body. This can cause mutations in the bladder resulting in cancer.
What are the symptoms?
1. Presence of blood in the urine, often painless
2. Feeling of pain while passing urine
3. Back pain
4. Excessive urination
5. Infections in the urinary tract
6. Lower leg swelling
7. Pain in the bones, especially in the pelvic area
8. Weight loss
Treatment options
Treatments for bladder cancer depend on the stage of the cancer. The various treatment choices are:
Surgery - In some cases, these cancers are surgically removed by a surgeon. A type of surgery used is transurethral resection of bladder tumor (turbt) where the cancer cells are destroyed with laser by passing a thin fiber into the bladder.
Chemotherapy - In this method, medications are used to target and destroy cancer cells.
Radiation therapy - Radiation therapy uses rays such as x-ray or uv rays to destroy cancer cells in the body
Immunotherapy - This treatment boosts the immune system of the body so that it attacks the cancerous cells in the bladder. If you wish to discuss about any specific problem, you can consult a Urologist.
Most men are very careful about their penis health, and understandably so - the penis is a very sensitive organ, and the manhood a very sensitive area. Ensuring proper penis care means regular washing, using a high-end penis health crème, and checking out the skin on a regular basis to ensure nothing looks different down there. So when a man sees warts on his penis, he will likely be quite concerned, puzzled - or even terribly frightened.
That's why it is so important to understand what it means to have warts, where they come from, and what can be done about it.
Warts on the penis?
Genital warts are one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases, with over 500,000 cases each year. It travels so easily from one person to another because the virus needs only simple skin-to-skin contact. That means that even if a man uses a condom, he might receive or transmit the infection through the touching of other body parts, such as the inner thigh or buttocks.
Warts on the penis are caused by the human papilloma virus, also known as HPV. There are over 100 strains of HPV. Some people might have a virus that causes warts on the feet or hands. Those who have genital warts are usually infected by one of two strains: HPV 6 or HPV 11.
In most cases, these warts are flesh-colored, soft to the touch, and might look a bit like cauliflower. They are usually painless, but they might lead to an itchy penis. They might be here and there all over the penis, or might form one large cluster. They usually show up between six weeks and six months after infection.
What does this mean?
A man who notices warts on his penis should immediately see the doctor. It is important to remember that though the warts might be unsightly or uncomfortable, they are usually not dangerous in and of themselves. It is possible that the warts, when irritated, could lead to open sores or bleeding, and that could lead to easier transmission of disease.
The human body is very good at fighting off the HPV virus. However, some prescriptions can help lessen the look, feel and number of warts, and might encourage faster healing. Warts that don't go away on their own can be removed by freezing, burning or minor surgery.
Keep in mind that when the warts are present, it is very easy to spread them from one person to another. But it is also important to note that warts can be spread even when an active 'outbreak' is not happening. That's why it is so important to get tested for sexually transmitted diseases, understand exactly what strains of HPV are present, and share that information with all sexual partners.
Preventing warts on the penis
It is very important to maintain great penis health, and that means doing what a man can to prevent warts in the first place. A man should always use a condom when with a new sexual partner. Getting the HPV vaccine might reduce the chances of a man contracting warts. He should also not smoke, as smoking seems to increase the risk of contracting HPV, and might make wart outbreaks more frequent or harder to treat.
Finally, a man should always inspect the penis skin carefully as he applies a regular dose of penis health crème (health professionals recommend Man 1 Man Oil, which is clinically proven mild and safe for skin). Look for a crème that contains vitamin A, a known anti-bacterial agent, as well as alpha-lipoic acid, which fights against free radicals that can lead to premature aging and thinning of the skin. Great vitamins and nutrients wrapped up in a Shea butter emollient, enhanced with vitamin E, can help the skin look and feel its best.
The term infertility in females explains a wide range of disorders but in order to simplify things, lets’ just say, infertility in women is a condition in which women are unable to conceive. There are numerous reasons that can be responsible for this situation and although some are preventable or curable, most others have no specific cure or treatment.
Ovulatory Disorders
One of the most common reasons for infertility is an ovulatory disorder. Almost 30 percent of female infertility is caused due to this reason. 70 percent of such infertility is treatable with drugs such as Reprones/Menogan and Clomiphene. Here is a list of causes of failed ovulation-
Disruption in the complex hormonal balance.
Ovaries fail to produce mature eggs. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is the most common disorder causing this problem. This syndrome has reduced FSH production and increased production of LH, Oestrogen and Testosterone. Suppressed FSH production may cause the partial development of ovarian follicles.
Hypothalamus may malfunction thereby causing the pituitary to malfunction, thus losing control over the process or FSH and LH production.
Physical damage to the ovaries by multiple surgeries or due to the formation of cysts.
A rare case of premature menopause.
Problems of the follicle.
Poor functioning of fallopian tubes
Diseases or disorders in the tube have been another major reason of infertility in women. Almost 25 percent of women infertility occurs due to this reason. Although treatments exist, success rates of the treatments are as high as 30 percent. The causes of tube damage may be as follows-
Infection caused by bacteria or viruses
Abdominal diseases like colitis and appendicitis
Previous pelvic or abdominal surgeries.
A condition called ectopic pregnancy which occurs in the tube, and even if very carefully but successfully overcome, may leave permanent damage.
Rare congenital defects in which women may be born with tube anomalies.
This is the condition where the endometrium expands excessively thereby preventing individuals from getting pregnant. This affects almost 10 percent of the population of infertile women. Almost 40 percent of women with endometriosis are infertile.
Other Factors
Other additional factors may include:
Abnormal uterus
Behavioural factors like personal habits, lifestyle and health factors.
Exercise and diet- extremely overweight or underweight women may have problems in conceiving.
Cigarette smoking reduces the chances of conceiving by one-third.
Alcohol increases the chances of birth defects.
Hence, pregnancy is tougher than it might really seem. If you wish to discuss about any specific problem, you can consult a Gynaecologist.
Cervical cancer is a form of cancer which occurs in the cervix or the lower part of the uterus in women, which opens up into the vagina. Its different from the other cancers that occur in other parts of the uterus and has a high rate of being cured if detected early.
Causes of Cervical Cancer: Cervical cancer is usually caused when abnormal cells present in the cervix, get out of control. Usually, major cases of cervical cancer are caused by a virus known as the human papillomavirus or HPV. This virus gets transmitted from one person to another by sexual means or sexual contact. Abnormal changes in the cervix cells lead to cervical cancer. Usually, cell changes occur in the transformation zone in the cervix as the cells tend to change constantly, thereby leading to cancer.
Symptoms:
How it can be diagnosed?
A routine screening test should be undertaken to observe any abnormal cell changes in the cervix and also for the screening for cervical cancer. Taking regular Pap smear test is recommended to detect abnormal cell changes so that cervical cancer can be prevented before hand. Other diagnostic tests include, Colposcopy and cervical biopsy to determine the presence of abnormal cells in the cervix, Endocervical biopsy and Cone biopsy.
Treatment options available:
Cervical cancer can be treated when detected at an early stage. The type of treatment depends on the stage and type of cervical cancer. The most common treatment methods are as follows:
Pelvic cancer is caused by abnormal cell changes in the pelvis. It is a common kind of cancer and can cause negative effects on the health. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential for treating pelvic cancer. If you wish to discuss about any specific problem, you can consult a gynaecologist.