RBC Folate Tips

When in the body there is deficiency of  Vitamin B-12 and folate which causes the body not to produce healthy red blood cells. This is not producing healthy red blood cells by the body called Anemia.  Anemia can be caused by genetics like sickle cell anemia and when they do not get  iron which make up the structure of red blood cells. Vitamin B-12 and folate also help the body to make red blood cells in shape, however the deficiency causes to deshaped of RBC whose function, to carry oxygen, gets reduced. This reduction in oxygen can make you short of breath, fatigue. Vitamin and folate found in vegetables which when they get reduced for a long time anemia happens or when the body doesn't absorb the vitamins due to other problems.

Symptoms:

Symptoms of vitamin deficiency develop after a long time like months or years. Signs are not very serious at the beginning but later they can be. Symptoms are :

• Fatigue
• There will be shortness of breath sometimes or at crowded places.
• We may find the body Dizzy approx most of the time.
• Your skin might  change its color  to Pale or yellowish skin.
• Due to irregularity of  transferring the oxygen in the body you may have Irregular heartbeats.
• You  might suffer from Weight loss.
• Due to uneven transfer of oxygen in the whole body, feet can get numb. 
• Muscle weakness will be seen which functions less in insufficient oxygen.
• There will be an effect on the brain like behaving angrily.
• There will be mental confusion which can cause unsteady movements and forgetfulness.

Causes:

Vitamin B-12 and folate also help the body to make red blood cells in shape, however the deficiency causes to deshaped of RBC whose function, to carry oxygen, gets reduced. This reduction in oxygen can make you short of breath, fatigue. Vitamin and folate found in vegetables which when get reduced for a long time anemia happens or when the body doesn't absorb the vitamins due to other problems   

Vitamin B-12 deficiencies

Low levels of vitamin B-12 in our body can be due to many reason which are:

• Diet:  eggs ,milk and meat or some cereals which are fortified with Vitamin B-12 are the sources of vitamin b-12. People who do not consume these foods may have a lack of vitamin b-12. Fortified foods are cereals and products of yeast. 
• Pernicious anemia:  some time immunity of the body is commanded to attack at stomach cells . This cell  produces an intrinsic factor  which is necessary to absorb vitamin b-12. When this is not absorbed there will be anemia called pernicious anemia. 
• Gastric surgeries:  when the stomach or intestine goes under surgery of getting removal of itself the cell gets reduced which produces the intrinsic factor. there will be less absorption of vitamin b-12.
• Intestinal problems. Crohn's disease and celiac disease, or tapeworm which can occur in the stomach due to eating unhealthy fish, reduce the absorption of  vitamin b-12.

Folate deficiency:

Folate is also called vitamin b-9. Green vegetables and liver are the sources of  it. Peoplewho do not  eat green vegetables  or liver  have deficiency of folate  or their body is not able to absorb it.

Absorption of folate is due:

• Diseases of the intestine  such as celiac disease can interfere with absorption of folate.
• Surgical removal of the stomach or intestine can interfere with absorption. 
• Alcohol consumption  interferes  with absorption.
• Some medicines also interfere  with it. 

Folate is necessary for pregnant women . Lack of folate can cause birth defects like spina bifida. People who go under kidney dialysis need a larger amount. Breastfeeding women are needed in high amounts.

Complications:

There are many health problems when there is deficiency  of vitamin B-12 or folate. Anemia aids that diseases to occur. Some disease are:

• Pregnancy complications: for a growing baby in the womb need folate in high amounts. Deficiency can cause defects in brain and spinal cord development.
• Nervous system disorders:  vitamin B-12 deficiency can cause mental confusion, forgetfulness, numbness or tingling at feet . These are neurological problems caused by deficiency of vitamin b 9.
• Gastric cancer: Pernicious anemia caused by damaged   stomach cells caused by an immunity system which produces the intrinsic factor needed for absorption of folate. This anemia can lead to gastric cancer.

Prevention:

Healthy diets can help you to get rid of deficiency of folate and vitamin b-12 and anemia can be treated this way which relied on vitamins:

Foods sources rich in vitamin B-12 are:

• Beef, liver, chicken and fish
• Eggs
• Fortified foods like cereals
• Milk, cheese and yogurt

Foods sources rich in folate include:

• Broccoli, spinach, asparagus or any green veggies.
• Citrus fruits like Oranges, lemons, bananas, strawberries and melons.
• Grain products like wheat and barley contain it.
• Liver, kidneys of animals and   yeast, mushrooms and peanuts.

Many people take injections or medicines of vitamins to cope up with deficiency.

Conclusion:

People who suffer from anemia due to vitamin deficiency should check their diet. They should include milk and veggies. Ignorance can lead to many other serious diseases. For any other information or queries please visit the doctor. 

Hemoglobin is a protein which transports oxygen to every cell of the body. It is formed by globulin chain molecules, wherein adults have two alpha-globulin chains and two beta-globulin chains and infants or babies have two alpha chains and two gamma chains. The gamma globulin chains transform into beta chains as the development in the baby occurs. 

How can you improve your hemoglobin level?

Following are most the effective measures to improve hemoglobin level :

1. Iron is necessary for hemoglobin production and red cell production. Thereby, intake of food which contains iron in excess amount needs to be taken, such as shellfish, beef, broccoli, tofu, spinach, green beans, cabbage, dates, beetroot, almonds, oysters, and asparagus etc.
2. Folate is also very important for hemoglobin production. It produces heme portion of RBC’s. Thereby, intake of foods which are a rich source of folate should be incorporated, such as beef, spinach, black-eyed peas, avocado, lettuce, rice, kidney beans, peanuts etc.
3. Intake of vitamin C should be increased in cases of vitamin C deficiency as it helps in iron absorption from the stomach. Foods which are rich in vitamin C like papaya, oranges, lemon, strawberries, bell peppers, broccoli, grapefruit, tomatoes, and spinach should be included in your diet. Also, you can take vitamin C supplements as per your doctor’s advice.
4. Regular intake of some fruits in diet will also help you to increase the hemoglobin. Foods such as pomegranate, apple, watermelon will help in to improve hemoglobin count as they are a rich source of iron.
5. Doing regular exercise will also help to improve to increases hemoglobin, and red blood cell counts. While exercising your body needs more amount of oxygen, and in order to compensate that body increases production of red blood cells.
6. Do not take calcium supplements along with iron supplements as calcium hampers absorption of the iron, and also avoid taking calcium-rich food.
7. All types of Legumes are best to plant foods, enriched with iron. Legumes, such as soy nuts, red kidney beans, chickpeas, black-eyed peas, black beans, lentils, fava beans should be incorporated in the diet.
8. Avoid intake of drinks which blocks iron absorption, and slow down its absorption like tea, coffee, cola drinks, wine, and beer. Excessive intake of all these drinks ultimately leads to low hemoglobin level.
9. Drink nettle tea. Nettle is an herb which is a good source of iron, vitamin C and helps in raising hemoglobin level.
10. Eat pumpkin seeds daily as their intake not only improves iron production, but also provides omega-3 fatty acids, and zinc.
11. Increase the intake of iron-rich foods during, and after a menstrual period as a large amount of iron is lost during menstruation.
12. Regular intake of iron and folate supplements only in deficient cases is the best way to improve your hemoglobin level. But it should be taken under doctor’s advice.

Hemoglobin is a protein which transports oxygen to every cell of the body. It is formed by globulin chain molecules, wherein adults have two alpha-globulin chains and two beta-globulin chains and infants or babies have two alpha chains and two gamma chains. The gamma globulin chains transform into beta chains as the development in the baby occurs. 

How can you improve your hemoglobin level?
Following are most the effective measures to improve hemoglobin level:

1. Iron is necessary for hemoglobin production and red cell production. Thereby, intake of food which contains iron in excess amount needs to be taken, such as shellfish, beef, broccoli, tofu, spinach, green beans, cabbage, dates, beetroot, almonds, oysters, and asparagus etc.
2. Folate is also very important for hemoglobin production. It produces heme portion of RBC’s. Thereby, intake of foods which are a rich source of folate should be incorporated, such as beef, spinach, black-eyed peas, avocado, lettuce, rice, kidney beans, peanuts etc.
3. Intake of vitamin C should be increased in cases of vitamin C deficiency as it helps in iron absorption from the stomach. Foods which are rich in vitamin C like papaya, oranges, lemon, strawberries, bell peppers, broccoli, grapefruit, tomatoes, and spinach should be included in your diet. Also, you can take vitamin C supplements as per your doctor’s advice.
4. Regular intake of some fruits in diet will also help you to increase the hemoglobin. Foods such as pomegranate, apple, watermelon will help in to improve hemoglobin count as they are a rich source of iron.
5. Doing regular exercise will also help in improving hemoglobin, and red blood cell counts. While exercising your body needs more amount of oxygen, and in order to compensate that body increases the production of red blood cells.
6. Do not take calcium supplements along with iron supplements as calcium hampers absorption of the iron, and also avoid taking calcium-rich food.
7. All types of Legumes are best to plant foods, enriched with iron. Legumes, such as soy nuts, red kidney beans, chickpeas, black-eyed peas, black beans, lentils, fava beans should be incorporated in the diet.
8. Avoid intake of drinks which blocks iron absorption, and slow down its absorption like tea, coffee, cola drinks, wine, and beer. Excessive intake of all these drinks ultimately leads to low hemoglobin level.
9. Drink nettle tea. Nettle is an herb which is a good source of iron, vitamin C and helps in raising hemoglobin level.
10. Eat pumpkin seeds daily as their intake not only improves iron production, but also provides omega-3 fatty acids, and zinc.
11. Increase the intake of iron-rich foods during, and after a menstrual period as a large amount of iron is lost during menstruation.
12. Regular intake of iron and folate supplements only in deficient cases is the best way to improve your hemoglobin level. But it should be taken under doctor’s advice.

Hemoglobin is a protein which transports oxygen to every cell of the body. It is formed by globulin chain molecules, wherein adults have two alpha-globulin chains and two beta-globulin chains and infants or babies have two alpha chains and two gamma chains. The gamma globulin chains transform into beta chains as the development in the baby occurs. 

How can you improve your hemoglobin level?
Following are the most effective measures to improve hemoglobin level:

1. Iron is necessary for hemoglobin production and red cell production. Thereby, intake of food which contains iron in excess amount needs to be taken, such as shellfish, beef, broccoli, tofu, spinach, green beans, cabbage, dates, beetroot, almonds, oysters,  asparagus etc.
2. Folate is also very important for hemoglobin production. It produces heme portion of RBC’s. Thereby, the intake of foods which are a rich source of folate should be incorporated, such as beef, spinach, black-eyed peas, avocado, lettuce, rice, kidney beans, peanuts etc.
3. Intake of vitamin C should be increased in cases of vitamin C deficiency as it helps in iron absorption from the stomach. Foods which are rich in vitamin C like papaya, oranges, lemon, strawberries, bell peppers, broccoli, grapefruit, tomatoes, and spinach should be included in your diet. Also, you can take vitamin C supplements as per your doctor’s advice.
4. Regular intake of some fruits in the diet will also help you to increase the hemoglobin. Foods such as pomegranate, apple, watermelon will help in to improve hemoglobin count as they are a rich source of iron.
5. Doing regular exercise will also help to improve hemoglobin and red blood cell counts. While exercising your body needs more amount of oxygen, and in order to compensate that body increases the production of red blood cells.
6. Do not take calcium supplements along with iron supplements as calcium hampers absorption of the iron, and also avoid taking calcium-rich food.
7. All types of Legumes are best to plant foods, enriched with iron. Legumes, such as soy nuts, red kidney beans, chickpeas, black-eyed peas, black beans, lentils, fava beans should be incorporated in the diet.
8. Avoid intake of drinks which blocks iron absorption, and slow down its absorption like tea, coffee, cola drinks, wine, and beer. Excessive intake of all these drinks ultimately leads to low hemoglobin level.
9. Drink nettle tea. Nettle is a herb which is a good source of iron, vitamin C and helps in raising hemoglobin level.
10. Eat pumpkin seeds daily as their intake not only improves iron production, but also provides omega-3 fatty acids, and zinc.
11. Increase the intake of iron-rich foods during, and after a menstrual period as a large amount of iron is lost during menstruation.
12. Regular intake of iron and folate supplements only in deficient cases is the best way to improve your hemoglobin level. But it should be taken under doctor’s advice.

Complete blood count (CBC):

CBC provides information of the circulating blood & Screen for a wide range of conditions and diseases

• Help diagnose various conditions, such as anaemia, infection, inflammation, bleeding disorder or leukaemia
• Monitor the condition and/or effectiveness of treatment after a diagnosis has been established
• Monitor treatment that is known to affect blood cells, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy

 Human body is made up of cells and water. Many of the cells group together and form the skin, muscle, bones and organs like Heart, Lungs & Kidney.

Some very special and important cells move throughout the body by circulating in the blood which provides Oxygen to all these stationary cells in the body. These help them to fight against the infection, stop bleeding after an injury.

EVALUATION:  Three types of cells circulate in our body.

1. WHITE BLOOD CELLS
2. REDBLOOD CELLS.
3. PLATLETS.

A. WHITE BLOOD CELLS (WBC):

These cells represent the defence system of body i.e. fight infection and cancer. It also plays role in allergies and inflammation. 

Types of WBC:

1. NEUTROPHIL: Neutrophils are cells that protect the body from bacterial infections. They move toward bacteria and then swallow them up so the bacteria cannot harm the body.
2. LYMPHOCYTE: Lymphocytes are cells that protect the body against viruses, bacteria, and fungi. One type of lymphocyte (B-cell) produces antibodies that attack and destroy the bacteria and viruses. Another type of lymphocyte (T-cell) can directly attack viruses and bacteria and can stimulate the B-cells to produce antibodies
3. MONOCYTES: Monocytes are cells that consume dead or damaged cells. They are the “clean-up crew”.
4. EOSINOPHIL: Eosinophils are cells that kill parasites and contribute to allergic reactions.
5. BASOPHIL: Basophils are cells that release histamines during allergic reactions.
6. OTHERS: Promyelocytes, Metamyelocytes, Blasts, etc. are not normally appear in the blood. In the presence of any of these cells indicates a need for follow-up .

EVALUATION OF WBC:

Low count of WBC is called Leukopenia. The causes of low count are -

1. Dietary deficiency.
2. Autoimmune condition.
3. Sever infection
4. Lymphoma or other cancer that spread in bone marrow
5. Bone marrow disorders or damage
6. Disease of immune system

High count of WBC called Leucocytosis. The causes of high count are-

1. Infection most commonly bacterial or viral
2. Inflammation
3. Leukaemia
4. Allergy
5. Tissue death
6. Intense exercise or sever stress.

B. RED BLOOD CELLS (RBC)

These cells transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of body. These oval shaped cells contain haemoglobin, the protein that binds oxygen while it is carried to all stationary cells in the body i.e., cells in the skin, muscle, bone and organ. The chemical process converts the nutrients found in food into energy requires oxygen. All stationary cells require energy to function; thus, they need oxygen and dependent on the RBCs to transport it.

Haemoglobin: It is an iron rich protein.

• It carries oxygen.
• It makes the blood red.
• Normal range in Male: 13.5 to 17.5 grams per decilitre
• Normal range in Female: 12.0 to 15.5 gram per decilitre

Low Haemoglobin: This can occur due to

• Body produces fewer RBC’s than usual
• Body destroys RBC’s faster than they can produce
• Blood loss.

Following conditions produce fewer RBC’s -

1. Aplastic anaemia
2. Cancer
3. Drugs like Anti-retroviral used in HIV infection, Chemotherapy of cancer
4. Chronic kidney disease
5. Cirrhosis of liver
6. Hodgkin’s lymphoma
7. Hypothyroidism
8. Iron deficiency anaemia
9. Leukaemia
10. 10. lead poisoning
11. 11.Multiple myeloma
12. 12. Myelodysplastic syndrome
13. 13.Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
14. 14. Vitamin deficiency anaemia
15. Following conditions destroy RBC’s faster
16. Splenomegaly
17. Haemolysis
18. Porphyria
19. Sickle cell anaemia
20. Thalassemia
21. Vasculitis (Blood vessels inflammation)

Other cause of low Haemoglobin count

Bleeding from a wound, digestive tract, ulcers, cancer, Haemorrhoids and menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding)

High Haemoglobin count: It occurs when your body requires increased oxygen -carrying capacity

• Smoking
• High altitude
• Poor heart and lung function ( low blood oxygen levels increase RBC’s production)
• Bone marrow produces too many RBC’s
• Consumption of drugs or Hormones e.g. Erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates RBC’s production; injection used for athletic performance

Other cause of high hemoglobin in which the body requires an increased oxygen-carrying capacity.

• Congenital heart disease in adults
• COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
• Dehydration
• Emphysema
• Heart failure
• Kidney cancer
• Liver cancer
• Polycythemia vera

HAEMATOCRIT / Packed cell volume (PCV): It is the measurement by centrifugation of blood. It reflects the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood or Space occupied by the RBCs.

Normal range in Male: 40 .7% to 50.3%

Normal range in Female: 36.1% to 44.3%

Cause of Low PCV/ Haematocrit or anaemia

• Bleeding (Ulcers, Trauma, Colon Cancer, Internal bleeding)
• Destruction of RBCs (Sickle Cell Anaemia, Splenomegaly)
• Decreased Production of RBCs (Bone marrow suppression, Cancer, Drugs)
• Nutritional Problems (Low Iron, B12, Folate and Malnutrition)
• Overhydration (Polydypsia, Intravenous overhydration)

           Cause of High PCV/ Haematocrit or anaemia

• Dehydration (Heat exhaustion, No available source of fluids)
• Low availability of Oxygen (Smoking, High altitude , Pulmonary fibrosis)
• Genetic (Congenital Heart disease)
• Erythrocytosis (Overproduction of RBCs by bone marrow or Polycythemia vera)

• MEAN CORPUSCLE VOLUME (MCV): It reflects the average size of RBCs.

Low MCV reflect small sized RBCs

High MCV reflect Large sized RBCs

• MEAN CORPUSCULAR HAEMOGLOBIN (MCH): It reflects the average concentration of haemoglobin in a single red blood cell.

Low MCH reflect low haemoglobin concentration

High MCV reflect high haemoglobin concentration

• MEAN CORPUSCULAR HAEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION (MCHC): It reflects the ratio of MCH AND MCV

Low MCHC shows the Thalassemia (Inherited Blood Disorder) microcytic hypochromic anaemia i.e. RBCs are smaller than usual and have decreased level of haemoglobin. It can be caused by

• Lack of iron
• Poor absorption of iron due to disease like CELIAC DISEASE, CHRON’S DISEASE AND GASTRIC BYPASS SURGERY
• CHRONIC LOW-GRADE BLOOD LOSS LIKE IN PEPTIC ULCER OR LONG MENSTURAL CYCLE.
• HAEMOLYSIS OR PREMATURE DESTRUCTION OF RBCs OVER TIME
• CANCER CAUSING INTERNAL BLOOD LOSS.
• HOOKWORM INFECTIONS
• LEAD POISOINING.

High MCHC reflects more concentrated haemoglobin in red blood cells. It can occur in conditions where red blood cells are fragile or destroyed leading to haemoglobin being present outside te red blood cells. it can be caused by

• Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. In which body develops an antibody that attack your red blood cells. It can be idiopathic autoimmune haemolytic anaemia / Lupus lymphoma/ penicillin reaction.
• Hereditary spherocytosis. It is a genetic disease in which mutation affects the red blood cell membrane and make it more fragile and prone to destruction.
• Severe burns often have haemolytic anaemia.

1. RED CELL DISTRIBUTION WIDTH (RDW): It reflects the degree of variation in size of the RBCs. Normal red blood cells maintain a standard size of 6-8 micrometres. If cells are larger RDW values will have higher numbers. This test is indicated if one has following problem.

• Anaemia
• Iron and vitamin deficiency
• Family history of blood disorder such as sickle cell anaemia
• Significant blood loss
• Disease that affects the red blood cells
• Chronic illness such as HIV / AIDS.

                RDW test diagnose

• Types of anaemia
• Thalassemia
• Diabetes mellitus
• Heart disease
• Liver disease
• Cancer

Normal Range of RDW: 10.2% - 14.5% (39.0 – 46.0)

Low RDW: Body is not producing enough RBC  It indicate

• Macrocytic Anaemia: Red blood cells are larger than average. Indicate deficiency of folate or vitamin B12.
• Microcytic Anaemia: Red Blood Cells are smaller than average. It indicates deficiency of Iron. It also suggests Thalassemia.

High RDW:

The possible cause can be asses by comparison with MCV

1. High RDW and MCV: Haemolytic anaemia, Megaloblastic anaemia, Lack of vitamin B12. Indicate chronic Liver Disease
2. High RDW and low MCV: Iron deficiency anaemia or Microcytic anaemia, Thalassemia intermedia.
3. High RDW and Normal MCV: Beginning stages of Vitamin B12 or Folate Deficiency, Beginning stage of Iron deficiency Anaemia. Indicate Chronic Liver Disease.

2. Platelets: Platelet is vital for the normal clotting.

EVALUATION OF Platelet:

Low count of Platelet is called Thrombocytopenia. The causes of low count are –

1. Viral infection including Dengue.
2. Platelet autoantibody
3. Drugs
4. Cirrhosis
5. Autoimmune disease
6. Sepsis
7. Leukaemia
8. Myelodysplasia (production of blood cells disturbs)

High count of Platelet is called Thrombocytosis. The causes of high count are-

1. Cancer
2. Rheumatoid arthritis
3. Iron deficiency anaemia
4. Myeloproliferative disorder (Disease of bone marrow and blood)

Mean Platelet Width (MPV): It is calculation of average size of Platelets. Platelets are produced in the Bone marrow and released into the blood stream. Larger Platelets are usually young and more recently released from the bone marrow. smaller platelets are more likely to have been in circulation for few days. Low Platelet count and high MPV level suggests that that the bone marrow is rapidly producing platelets this is because older platelets are being destroyed so the bone marrow compensate.

High MPV may be associated (Depends on other CBC result):

Cancer

Several types of cancer e.g. Lung, ovarian, endometrial, colon, kidney, stomach, pancreatic, and breast cancer

Warning signs of cancer are:

1. Skin changes
2. Breast changes
3. Thickening skin or lump on or under your skin
4. Hoarseness or cough that doesn’t go away
5. Changes in bowel habit
6. Trouble swallowing
7. Weight gain or loss for no reason
8. Abdominal pain
9. Unexplained night sweats
10. Unusual bleeding or discharge in urine or stool
11. Feeling weak or tired
12. Hyperthyroidism
13. Heart disease
14. Diabetes
15. Vitamin D deficiency
16. High blood pressure
17. Stroke
18. Atrial fibrillation

Low MPV may be associated (Depends on other CBC result):

• Inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis
• Cytotoxic medication
• Aplastic anaemia.

Platelet Distribution Width (PDW): It reflects how uniform platelets ars in size.

• Reference range of platelet distribution width is: 10%-18%

Low value of PDW:

A low value indicates uniformity in size of platelets. This may also be an indication that there is a disorder present which is affecting the bone marrow and how it is able to produce platelets. Viral infections will typically produce this result, such as measles, hepatitis, or mononucleosis. Certain drugs and cancers can also cause this result.

High value of PDW:

• A high value indicates increased variation in the size of the platelets, which may mean that a condition is present that is affecting platelets. There are numerous younger platelets and numerous older platelets in the same sample. This may be an indication that some sort of disorder has affected the bone marrow or the platelets and further testing may be required. Certain cancers, anaemia, and inflammatory conditions typically cause this result, as will some infectious diseases or the use of birth control pills.

The study of blood and blood vessels is known as haematology. Doctors or scientists who study blood, in general, are known as haematologists. They are the ones who focus on blood health and blood disorders. The blood is composed of white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells(RBCs) and platelets. Some of the organs that helps in transporting blood to other parts of the body include the blood vessels, lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen. Proteins too actively participate in clotting and bleeding.

Diseases Treated by Haematology
Haematology treats an array of diseases including, but not limited to, the following:

1. Anaemia due to deficiency of iron, trauma related problems, sickle cell etc.
2. Myelofibrosis
3. Excessive production of RBC
4. Multiple myeloma
5. Bone marrow and stem cell transportation
6. Platelet-related disorder such as Von Willebrand disease, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, haemophilia etc.
7. Haemoglobinopathies condition such as the sickle cell disease and thalassemia
8. Leukaemia
9. Malignant lymphomas
10. Blood transfusion
11. Myelodysplastic syndromes

Common tests involved in haematology

1. Blood count- This test is done to get an idea about the total number of platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells.
2. Blood film- In this test, blood is stained with specific dyes and placed under a microscope to view the size, shape and the total number of blood cells. It also reveals any abnormalities that may be present in the blood. Staining can flag red blood cells that are deformed in nature. It can further flag conditions such as microfiliariasis, malaria and toxoplasmosis.
3. Blood test – It is done to assess granulocytosis and storage diseases. Bone marrow examination can also be done through blood tests. .
4. Blood work - Assessment of immature platelets, evaluation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and spleen biopsycan be carried out with blood work.
5. Tests such as serum ferritin, folate levels, and vitamin B12 can reveal the iron status of a person.
6. Certain tests such as the antiglobulin or Coombs' can be done before blood matching or blood typing is done.
7. Prothrombin – This test is used to find out platelet function.
8. A test known as the diascopy is performed to find out whether a lesion is haemorrhagic, vascular or non-vascular
9. Immunocytochemical technique, a type of blood technique, is used to conduct antigen detection.
10. Haematology testsare used for assessinghaemophagocytic syndrome.
11. Karyotyping is done to detect any disorder of the chromosome.
12. Fine needle aspiration cytology(FNAC) is a diagnostic method used to detect tumour.

In case you have a concern or query you can always consult an expert & get answers to your questions!

The study of blood and blood vessels is known as haematology. Doctors or scientists who study blood, in general, are known as haematologists. They are the ones who focus on blood health and blood disorders. The blood is composed of white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells(RBCs) and platelets. Some of the organs that helps in transporting blood to other parts of the body include the blood vessels, lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen. Proteins too actively participate in clotting and bleeding.

Diseases Treated by Haematology
Haematology treats an array of diseases including, but not limited to, the following:

1. Anaemia due to deficiency of iron, trauma related problems, sickle cell etc.
2. Myelofibrosis
3. Excessive production of RBC
4. Multiple myeloma
5. Bone marrow and stem cell transportation
6. Platelet-related disorder such as Von Willebrand disease, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, haemophilia etc.
7. Haemoglobinopathies condition such as the sickle cell disease and thalassemia
8. Leukaemia
9. Malignant lymphomas
10. Blood transfusion
11. Myelodysplastic syndromes

Common tests involved in haematology

1. Blood count- This test is done to get an idea about the total number of platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells.
2. Blood film- In this test, blood is stained with specific dyes and placed under a microscope to view the size, shape and the total number of blood cells. It also reveals any abnormalities that may be present in the blood. Staining can flag red blood cells that are deformed in nature. It can further flag conditions such as microfiliariasis, malaria and toxoplasmosis.
3. Blood test – It is done to assess granulocytosis and storage diseases. Bone marrow examination can also be done through blood tests. .
4. Blood work - Assessment of immature platelets, evaluation of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and spleen biopsycan be carried out with blood work.
5. Tests such as serum ferritin, folate levels, and vitamin B12 can reveal the iron status of a person.
6. Certain tests such as the antiglobulin or Coombs' can be done before blood matching or blood typing is done.
7. Prothrombin – This test is used to find out platelet function.
8. A test known as the diascopy is performed to find out whether a lesion is haemorrhagic, vascular or non-vascular
9. Immunocytochemical technique, a type of blood technique, is used to conduct antigen detection.
10. Haematology testsare used for assessinghaemophagocytic syndrome.
11. Karyotyping is done to detect any disorder of the chromosome.
12. Fine needle aspiration cytology(FNAC) is a diagnostic method used to detect tumour.

In case you have a concern or query you can always consult an expert & get answers to your questions!

चुकंदर का प्रयोग हम सलाद या जूस के रूप में करते रहे हैं. कई देशों में तो इससे गुड़ भी बनाया जाता है. चुकंदर का इस्तेमाल इतना आसान है कि आप इसे सेब, संतरे, नींबू इत्यादि के रस के साथ भी मिलाकर ले सकते हैं. चुकंदर का रंग लाल होने की वजह से लोग इसे खून में वृद्धि करने वाला फल भी मानते हैं. चुकंदर में पाए जाने वाले तत्व फॉस्फोरस, कैल्शियम, सल्फर, सोडियम, पोटैशियम, क्लोरीन, आयोडीन, आयरन और विटामिन बी1, बी2 और सी इत्यादि हमारे अच्छे स्वस्थ्य के लिए बेहद आवश्यक तत्व हैं. यदि आप नियमित रूप से चुकंदर का सेवन करते हैं तो आपको खून की कमी की बीमारी होने की संभावना न के बराबर है. इसके साथी ही इसमें मौजूद फोलिक एसिड प्रेगनेंट औरतों के लिए अत्यंत लाभकारी होता है. यही नहीं इसके पत्ते भी आयरन, कैल्शियम और विटामिन जैसे कई पोषक तत्वों से युक्त होता है जो कि हमें कई बीमारियों से बचाने का काम करते हैं. आइए इस लेख में हम चुकंदर के फायदे और नुकसान को जानें.
 

1. हृदय के लिए

चुकन्दर में मौजूद नाइट्रेट नामक रसायन रक्तचाप को कम करके ब्यूटेन नामक तत्व के माध्यम से रक्त का थक्का नहीं बनने देता है. नियमित रूप से चुकंदर का जूस पिने वाले लोगों को हाइपरटेंशन और दिल के दौरे जैसी बीमारियों के होने की संभावना न के बराबर होती है.
 

2. दिमाग़ के लिए

चुकंदर में कोलीन नाम का एक ऐसा पोषक तत्व मौजूद होता है जो हमारी याद्दाश्त को बढ़ाने में काफी मददगार है. इसके साथ ही चुकंदर के सेवन से हमारे दिमाग में ऑक्सीजन संचार नियमित होता है जिससे कि रक्त संचार भी दुरुस्त होता है.
 

3. पेट के लिए

चुकन्दर में पाया जाने वाला भरपूर मात्रा में फाइबर हमारे पेट की कई बीमारियों जैसे कि कब्ज और बवासीर इत्यादि के लिए बेहद लाभदायक साबित होता है. इसका सही इस्तेमाल करने के लिए आप रात को बिस्तर पर जाने से पहले एक गिलास चुकंदर का जूस पी लें.
 

4. यौन स्वास्थ्य के लिए

चुकंदर में नाइट्रिक ऑक्साइड की मौजूदगी हमारे शरीर की रक्त वाहिनियों का विस्तार करके जेनेटल्स में खून के दौरे में वृद्धि करता है. इसके साथ ही चुकन्दर में मौजूद बोरॉन की अत्यधिक मात्रा के कारण ह्यूमन सेक्स हार्मोन के निर्माण में काफी मदद मिलता है.
 

5. ऊर्जा को बढ़ने में

इसमें हमारे शरीर की ऊर्जा को बढ़ाने वाले कई पोषक तत्व पाए जाते हैं. इसमें पाया जाने वाला कार्बोहाइड्रेट नामक तत्व हमारे शरीर को ऊर्जावान बनाने के साथ ही खसरा और बुखार जैसी बीमारियों को के निदान में भी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है.
 

6. एनीमिया के लिए

शरीर में खून की मात्रा बढ़ाने वाला चुकंदर एनीमिया में काफी उपयोगी साबित होता है. आयरन से समृद्ध चुकंदर लाल रक्त कोशिकाओं (RBC) को सक्रिय करने के साथ ही हमारे शरीर में इसकी संख्या को भी बढ़ाता है. यही कारण है कि यह एनीमिया रोग में बहुत ही लाभदायक है.
 

7. त्वचा के लिए

इसका नियमित सेवन हमारे स्वास्थ्य को ठीक रखता है. जाहीर है स्वास्थ्य के ठीक रहने से हमारी त्वचा भी ठीक रहती है. आपको बता दें कि इसकी ठंडी तासीर इसे चेहरे पर होने वाले कील मुंहासे और फोड़े फुंसीयों से निजात दिलाने में मदद करता है. यदि आप इसके जूस में टमाटर का जूस और हल्दी पाउडर मिलाकर पियें तो आपके त्वचा में निखार और सॉफ्टनेस आती है.
 

8. गर्भ के दौरान

चुकन्दर में मौजूद फोलिक एसिड गर्भवती औरतों के लिए एक आवश्यक तत्व है. गर्भ के दौरान इसके सेवन से गर्भस्थ शिशु के स्पाइनल कॉर्ड के बनने में मदद मिलती है. इसके साथ ही इसका सेवन गर्भवती औरतों के लिए आवश्यक अतिरिक्त ऊर्जा प्रदान कर सकता है. इसके अलावा ये पीरियड्स के दौरान भी काम आते हैं.
 

9. मधुमेह रोग में

शुगर से पीड़ित व्यक्ति के लिए चुकंदर बहुत ही लाभदायक होता है. इसमें मौजूद एंटीऑक्सीडेंट रक्त में शर्करा के स्तर को बढ़ने से रोकते हैं. चुकंदर का इस्तेमाल इन्सुलिन सेंसिटिविटी को रोककर ऑक्सीडेटिव तनाव से निजात दिला सकता है.
चुकंदर खाने के नुकसान

• यदि आप चुकानदा को अत्यधिक मात्रा में खाएं तो इससे नुकसान भी हो सकता है.
• हेमोक्रोमैटोसिस से पीड़ित व्यक्ति को चुकंदर खाने से बचना चाहिए.
• यदि आपको कम रक्तचाप की समस्या है तो आप सावधानी से इसका सेवन करें.
• कई लोगों को चुकंदर के सेवन से मतली और डायरिया जैसी बीमारियों की समस्‍या हो जाती.
• जिन लोगों को किडनी की समस्या है उन्हें भी चुकंदर का सेवन सावधानीपूर्वक करनी चाहिए.