Arteries (Human Anatomy): Image, Definition, Diseases, & More

• Arteries are components of the circulatory system that are responsible for transporting oxygenated blood from the heart to the various tissues located throughout the body.
• Arteries are muscular tubes that are lined by smooth muscles and are constructed out of a total of three layers. Arteries can be found throughout the body. Arteries are located in just about every part of the body.

There are two separate kinds of arteries, each serving a purpose that is marginally distinct from the other. Both play an important part in the process of delivering oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the various tissues throughout the body.

1. The first kind is elastic, and it functions similarly to what happens when a player in football receives the ball and absorbs the power of the throw. This is the sort of artery that receives blood from your heart before distributing it to the rest of your cardiovascular system.
2. The second kind, which is muscular, is analogous to when players sprint down the field with the ball in order to bring it to the appropriate location. This is your blood travelling to the various tissues in your body.

• The outermost layer (extine): It is composed of connective tissue, which plays an important role in adhering arteries to the tissues that are nearby.
• The middle layer (media): It is a layer of muscle that assists in the regulation of the high pressure that comes from the heart.
• The innermost layer (intima): Endothelium is the name given to the layer of smooth tissue that makes up this layer.
• Aorta: it is the largest artery in the body, and it is connected to the left ventricle of the heart. This artery plays an important role in the maintenance of a healthy blood pressure.
• Arteries: The aorta branches out into a network of smaller arteries that spread through the whole of the body when it has completed its first division.
• Arterioles: these are smaller arteries, and they eventually branch off into capillaries. A capillary is a layer that is one cell thick.

• Atherosclerosis: The inoculation of cholesterol in the lumen of the arteries known as plaques in the arterial walls. Heart attacks and strokes can be caused by atherosclerosis if it occurs in the brain, neck, or heart.
• Vasculitis (Arteritis): Inflammation of one or more at same time is called vasculitis. In the majority of instances, it may be traced back to an overactive immune system..
• Amaurosis Fugax: when there is loss of vision of 1 eye caused because of temporary loss of blood flow to the retina. When a part of cholesterol plaque of one of the carotid arteries separates off and teaches the retinal artery. The carotid arteries are the blood vessels that are located on either side of the neck and provide circulation to the brain..
• Stenosis Of The Arteries: The process of narrowing of the arteries, which is typically brought on by atherosclerosis. When stenosis develops in the arteries of the heart, neck, or legs, it causes a disruption in the flow of blood, which in turn can lead to major health complications..
• Peripheral Artery Disease: Atherosclerosis of the arteries in the legs and groyne area, which results in a sluggish or abrupt blood flow in these locations and causes discomfort as well as a delayed wound healing process.
• Arterial Thrombosis: The abrupt formation of a blood clot inside one of the arteries, which causes the flow of blood to be obstructed. It is imperative that immediate therapy is given for the blood flow in the artery.
• Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack): As a direct consequence of the sudden clotting of the arteries that transport blood to the heart, the heart suffers an interruption in its blood supply, which results in a heart attack.
• Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke): A clot of blood forming in one of the arteries that supplies blood to the brain. In major cases, the middle cerebral artery is involved. It can cause strokes if it bursts suddenly causing internal bleeding.
• Temporal Arteritis: Because of the inflammation in the temporal artery in the scalp, the patient has discomfort in the jaw when chewing food as well as pain all over the scalp.
• Coronary Artery Disease: There is a possibility that atherosclerosis of the heart muscle will impact any of the arteries in the heart.. It is possible that in extreme conditions, it could cause a heart attack..
• Carotid Artery Disease: A disease that is characterised by the presence of atherosclerosis and the narrowing of either one or both of the carotid arteries in the neck area. There is a possibility of having a stroke in important circumstances.
• Truncus Arteriosus: The Truncus Arteriosus is the common truncal artery that branches out into the pulmonary arteries and the aorta. Often have VSD. Within the first few weeks of life, it can be observed in those who have cyanosis..
• Respiratory Distress: A condition characterised by the accumulation of fluid in the air sacs of the lungs, which prevents organs from receiving oxygen. Patients who are pregnant and have previously been diagnosed with diabetes are at an exceedingly heightened risk..
• Vasculitis (Arteritis)1: Tricuspid atresia is characterised by the absence of a tricuspid valve in the heart. When everything is functioning normally, it may be found in the space between the right atrium and the left ventricle.
• Tetralogy of Fallot: A congenital cardiac ailment that involves four defects happening concurrently, including a constriction of the pulmonary artery and a faulty septum between the ventricles, and is accompanied by cyanosis.
• Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return: It is a birth defect of the heart. Because to this aberration, oxygen-rich blood does not travel back from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.. Instead, the blood that is rich in oxygen is recirculated back to the right side of the heart, where it mixes with both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood..
• Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis: Because of the thickness of the ascending aorta, this kind of aortic stenosis affects only a small percentage of people.Peripheral Artery Disease: Atherosclerosis is the medical term for the condition in which constricted blood arteries restrict the amount of blood that flows to the limbs..
• Acute Limb Ischemia: A sudden drop in limb perfusion was seen. A patient suffering from thrombosis (at site of atherosclerosis, aneurysm) Embolism Phlegmasia (extensive venous backup, very rare).
• Aortic Dissection: A rupture in the intima may lead to separation of the layers of the aortic wall, which can lead to aortic dissection.
• Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Focal aortic dilatation may be caused by a number of factors, including smoking, HLD, hypertension, and the fact that it is more common in men than in females, in addition to occurring in atherosclerotic instances.
• Vasculitis (Arteritis)5: This is because of a localised dilatation of the thoracic aorta, which has the effect of increasing the diameter of the artery.
• Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS): It encompasses a group of diseases that are characterised by the compression of nerves or blood vessels either between the muscles of the neck and shoulder or between the first rib and the collarbone (clavicle) (clavicle). This particular area is referred to as the thoracic outlet..Carotid Body Tumours: abnormalities in the nerve tissue that surrounds the carotid artery such as abnormal growths near them
• Popliteal Entrapment Syndrome: An very uncommon vascular condition that may be seen in the legs of young sportsmen. The popliteal artery is compressed by the surrounding muscle and tendons, which reduces the amount of blood that can flow to the lower leg and may cause the artery to become damaged.
• Buerger's Disease: Small and medium-sized arteries, veins, and nerves are affected. Despite not knowing the aetiology, tobacco usage or exposure is strongly linked. Your arms and legs' arteries thin or block, producing ischemia in your hands, foot, and toes. When tissue dies (gangrene), fingers and toes must be amputated. Raynaud's symptoms and superficial vein irritation may develop.

• Angiogram (Angiography): The arteries are prepared for the insertion of a thin tube that is flexible. An unusual colouring agent is administered. Due to the presence of this coloured dye, an X-ray will be able to show the flow of blood through the arteries. It is possible to observe, with the assistance of an angiography, any places in the arteries in which there is bleeding or constriction.
• Computed Tomographic Angiography (CT-A Scan): During the course of a CT scan, numerous x-ray pictures are obtained. These pictures are collected with the assistance of a computer in order to get more detailed views of the arteries. It is performed to scan the arteries in order to determine whether or not there is any narrowing or other abnormalities present in the arteries, and it has a lower risk than traditional angiography.
• Stress Test: It could be the effect of taking particular drugs or engaging in excessive physical activity.. Because of this stress, the heart is made to beat more quickly, which leads to an increase in the volume of blood that the heart pumps. Within these sections of the coronary arteries that have become narrower. X-rays are able to provide an accurate diagnosis of the condition.
• Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA Scan): An MRI scanner combines a powerful magnet with a computer to produce pictures of the structures found within the human body that are very detailed. The MRA (magnetic resonance angiography) setting on an MRI scanner is what provides the clearest views of the arteries possible.
• Cardiac Catheterization: An artery in the groyne, the neck, or the arm is chosen as the entry point for the catheter, which is then guided into the heart. A contrast-enhancing dye is administered into the catheter in order to visualise the flow of blood through the coronary arteries on an X-ray screen. This allows for a more accurate diagnosis.. Blockages in the arteries can then be found if present and can be treated.
• Artery Biopsy: In order to make a diagnosis of vasculitis, a physician would often remove a very little piece of tissue from the affected area and examine it under a microscope.

• Arterial Stenting: In order to keep an artery open, a stent consisting of a tiny mesh tube is inserted into it. The coronary arteries are the most common target for stenting procedures.
• Angioplasty: During a catheterization procedure on one of the arteries, an opening is created for the catheter by inflating a balloon that is placed inside the artery..
• Angioplasty or PTCA (Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty): It is a type of cardiac surgery in which catheterization of a major artery is done, and in the blocked coronary arteries small balloon is inflated, and the stent is provided, which keeps the artery unobstructed.
• Coronary Artery Stenting: In this cardiac surgery, a metal wire standing is done inside the blocked coronary artery, which increases the flow of blood, relieving conditions like angina pectoris.
• Thrombolysis: Specific thrombolytic drugs are given to the patient through intravenous injection, which can dissolve the clot, which creates cardiac complications. It also has a lot of side effects, which is why stenting is preferred over thrombolysis.
• Fogarty Balloon Catheter: it is used for embolectomy and also known to be used for thrombectomy helpful for taking care of thrombus at aortic bifurcation
• Lumbar Sympathectomy: Lumbar sympathectomy is a surgical procedure that may be performed to alleviate ischemia pain in the lower extremities that is caused by advanced peripheral vascular disease. It is possible to alleviate pain and enhance circulation by amputating the nerves that are responsible for the constriction of the arteries.
• Dacron Graft Repair: A Dacron aortic graft is the most common and dependable solution for the replacement of an arterial blood vessel. At 15 years, the aortic valves of the majority of patients who underwent surgery to have tubular Dacron grafts placed continue to function normally.
• Vascular Graft Repair: A type of treatment for an abdominal aortic aneurysm, or AAA, is endovascular repair. The large artery that runs beneath your heart has a bulge in its wall. Your arteries above and below the aneurysm are tightly sealed by the stent graft. The graft permits blood to flow because it is stronger than the weakened artery.
• Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Its advantages include Lower rate of recurrent angina and also Ability to achieve complete revascularization, but it is also having Risk of a repeat cardiac event and also higher risk of Morbidity and mortality because of major surgery

• Statins For Reducing For Cholesterol Levels Of Arteries: these are Cholesterol lowering medicines taken orally like atorvastatin fluvastatin, lovastatin , pitavastatin ,pravastatin, rosuvastatin , simvastatin When taken consistently and as directed by a specialist, statins have the potential to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events such as heart attacks and strokes.
• Aspirin Or Relief From Pain By Arteries: It contains analgesic and pain-relieving characteristics, as well as antipyretic(fever-reducing) properties and it also interferes with the process that causes blood to clot. If taken on a regular basis, it may reduce the risk of both heart attacks and strokes.
• Plavix (Clopidogrel) For Clot Busting: It disrupts the process through which the blood clots. It is routinely administered to patients who have recently had a heart attack or stroke in order to reduce the risk of having a similar incident in the future.
• Ca Channel Blocker Acts As A Hypertension Blocker: (Dihydropyridine) Angina Amlodipine Raynaud's Nicardipine Nifedipine Nimodipine
• Hydralazine For Reducing Hypertension: hydralazine acts as arteriolar vasodilation is induced, which results in a reduction in hypertension.
• Nitrovasodilator For Visual Dilation Of Arteries: Nitroglycerine Isosorbide, mono/di-nitrate acts as a vasodilator this reducing hypertension
• Glycosides For Arterial Contractility: Digoxin Inhibitor of Na'/K' ATPase Results in increased cardiac calcium and contractility Increased vagal tone.
• Ranolazine For Arterial Haemorrhage: Ranolazine which is given for chest pain Inhibits late Na current, reducing diastolic wall tension and oxygen consumption of the heart.Corticosteroids For Treating Vasculitis Of Arteries: When treating vasculitis, which affects the arteries, anti-inflammatory medications such as prednisone or methylprednisolone are often used.
• Thrombolytics For Thromboembolism Of Arteries: It is injected into the body as a potent 'clot-busting' medicine in order to dissolve a blood clot and prevent a heart attack or stroke from occurring as a result.
• Cilostazol And Pentoxifylline For Reducing Stroke Volume: They make the arteries in the lower extremities more permeable to blood flow. Patients who suffer from peripheral vascular disease may find that these medications alleviate the discomfort they experience when walking.