The part of the woman s reproductive system where the eggs are stored and released for fertilisation, are known as the ovaries. The ovaries also produce various hormones. When a female patient has to go through a procedure to remove the ovaries, this surgical procedure is known as an oophorectomy. The patient may have to go through this procedure for a number of reasons. Let us find out more about the procedure and the recovery of the patient thereafter. -\tCauses: There are a number of reasons as to why a patient may have to go through this procedure. One of the most common reasons include pelvic disease like ovarian cancer which makes it imperative to remove the ovaries so that the cancer does not spread to any other part of the uterus or the rest of the body. Also, when the endometriosis becomes particularly painful and severe, the patient may have to go through a hysterectomy to remove the uterus and an oophorectomy to remove the ovaries. Most of the times, these two procedures go hand in hand. Also, when the patient is suffering from breast cancer, the doctor may deem it fit to remove the ovaries to stop the spread and growth of the cancer. Other hereditary diseases may also be treated with this procedure. -\tPreparation: In order to prepare for the surgery, one will need to go through a series of imaging tests like an ultrasound as well as an MRI scan which will help the doctor decide on the kind of procedure that needs to be carried out. Most doctors will ask you to stop eating at least a day before the surgery and to ingest a solution so that the intestines are properly cleaned out. Also, if you are taking any kind of medication, you will need to stop taking the same before the surgery. -\tProcedure: The procedure can be done either with one large incision or with multiple small incisions, depending on the area and the severity of the problem that is being treated. The surgeon will insert a small tube bearing a camera into this incision, which in turn will beam the images on to a screen in the operating theatre. The ovaries will be separated from the blood supply before the tissue surrounding them will be placed in a pouch. This pouch will be pulled out through the smaller incisions. -\tRecovery: How soon you recover pretty much depends on how soon you choose to sit up and start walking after the surgery. One can get back to normal life within a few weeks or a month after the surgery by taking small steps every day. Complete recovery takes about six weeks.","dateCreated":"","author":{"@type":"Physician","name":"Dr.Sagar Bumb","medicalSpecialty":"Gynaecologist","image":"https://assets.lybrate.com/img/documents/doctor/dp/3c4bd728813e2f2e9e3cbd1830c22e0c/Gynaecology-SagarBumb-Pune-da69ff.jpg","url":"https://www.lybrate.com/pune/doctor/dr-sagar-bumb-gynaecologist"},"interactionStatistic":{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"LikeAction","userInteractionCount":"0"}}},{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Question","text":"Osteoporosis & Osteomalacia - How Distinct Are They?","answerCount":null,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","upvoteCount":"0","text":"Osteoporosis:
Osteoporosis is a condition whereby the density of the bone decreases and the body ceases to manufacture the same quantity of bone as it did previously. Although it tends to affect both females as well as males, it is most commonly seen in women. The reason for this is the decreased production of estrogen during the menopause phase. The hormone, estrogen provides protection against osteoporosis.
When someone suffers from this condition, all their bones become weak and they become highly susceptible to fractures in the event of an accident or even a slight knock.
The word osteoporosis means porous bones. Once a person crosses the age of 35 years the rate of bone renewal or rebuilding slows down. When this happens on a prolonged basis the concerned person is highly prone to develop osteoporosis.
Key Points:
Those who smoke and have a poor diet are more likely to suffer from osteoporosis. Osteoporosis targets areas of the body such as the hip, wrists and spine. Although there is no particular outward sign of osteoporosis you are likely to develop a stoop as a result of a weak spine. This will further lead to bone pain.
Osteomalacia:
Osteomalacia is a condition that is similar to osteoporosis where the bones are weakened. But what makes this condition different from osteoporosis is that in osteomalacia there is difficulty in the process of bone-building. In osteoporosis, existing bones become weak.
Reasons for Osteomalacia:
Osteomalacia occurs when there is vitamin D deficiency. As a nutrient, the benefits of vitamin D are enormous because it is instrumental for the absorption of calcium in the stomach.
Vitamin D is helpful for the maintenance of phosphate and calcium levels which is needed in the proper formation of bones. Vitamin D can be acquired from ultraviolet rays of the sun and also from food items such as fish and dairy products.
Signs of Osteomalacia:
Signs of osteomalacia are few. The most common signs include fracturing of the bones and weakening of the muscles. A person who suffers from the condition of osteomalacia has a difficult time walking and may develop abnormal gait.
Treatment of Both Osteoporosis and Osteomalacia:
When it comes to the treating osteoporosis it is mainly focussed on preventing the onset, maintaining healthy bone density, preventing fractures and reducing pain. This treatment is done by making adjustments to your lifestyle as we daily meal plan in addition to taking medications and health supplements.
As the first line of treatment of osteomalacia, the patient will be prescribed a number of phosphate, vitamin D and calcium health supplements. Additionally, the patient will be asked to spend some time out in the sun for the absorption of sunlight.","dateCreated":"","author":{"@type":"Physician","name":"Dr.Rohit Chakor","medicalSpecialty":"Orthopedic Doctor","image":"https://assets.lybrate.com/img/documents/doctor/dp/d713916694d07093ad002d432c48f5d1/Orthopaedics-RohitChakor-Pune-9bce29.jpg","url":"https://www.lybrate.com/pune/doctor/dr-rohit-chakor-orthopedist"},"interactionStatistic":{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"LikeAction","userInteractionCount":"0"}}},{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Question","text":"Breast Reduction - Know More About It's Methods And Advantages!","answerCount":null,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","upvoteCount":"0","text":"Women who have abnormally large breasts usually tend to develop them during adolescence or during pregnancy. Large breasts can cause physiological problems apart from being unsightly. Some of the problems commonly reported by women include back and neck problems. Let's explore one of the most common methods of breast reduction known as the keyhole method.
What is the keyhole method of breast reduction? The Keyhole method of breast reduction is the most commonly prescribed form of breast reduction surgery. In this method, the doctor places an anchor or a keyhole-shaped incision around the areola extending to the underside of the breast. Then a small device is inserted to melt fat and a low power vacuum is used to extract it. After this is done the area is stitched up reducing the breast size.
The extent of the incision: The length and breadth of the incision can vary from case to case. However, the following areas usually tend to have scarring -
1. The area around the nipple known as the areola - A round circular incision is made around the areola to open up this section of the breast.
2. Downwards from the areola to underside of the breast - This is where the keyhole shape comes into prominence as this is an extension of the incision to open up the breast.
3. The area on the underside of the breast along with a horizontal curve This may vary in extent from patient to patient depending upon how much tissue needs to be removed and thus may be larger or smaller.
The advantages of keyhole method of breast reduction: There are many valid reasons why this method is the most prescribed and most popular form of breast reduction. Let's look at some of the reasons below.
1. The most minimally invasive method - Conventional breast reduction may employ techniques which open up the breast which is a longer and more complicated form of surgery, and thus the keyhole method being the least invasive has its own advantages.
2. Lesser scars - With other forms of breast reduction, the scars along the incision lines may be much larger. With the keyhole method, much of the scarring is hidden away due to the shape of the incision, as well as the size, being smaller.
3. Quicker healing - Most forms of keyhole surgery use liposculpture or the extraction of fat rather than full excision of tissues and thus it generally translates to quicker healing. Even in cases where excision is performed, healing still tends to be quicker with this method as the incisions tend to be smaller. ","dateCreated":"","author":{"@type":"Physician","name":"Dr.Amit Mukund Mulay","medicalSpecialty":"Cosmetic/Plastic Surgeon","image":"https://assets.lybrate.com/img/documents/doctor/dp/6dee28393d59c69b0cef06d1b3ea0d73/Aesthetic-Surgery-AmitMukundMulay-Pune-4ea2af.jpg","url":"https://www.lybrate.com/pune/doctor/dr-amit-mukund-mulay-aesthetic-surgeon"},"interactionStatistic":{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"LikeAction","userInteractionCount":"0"}}},{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Question","text":"Osteomalacia - How To Get Rid Of It?","answerCount":null,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","upvoteCount":"0","text":"The weakening of the bones during the bone development or formation process is called Osteomalacia. Osteomalacia, when it occurs in children, is called Rickets. A lot of people confuse it with osteoporosis, which affects bones that have already been formed.
One s bones need phosphorus and calcium to remain strong and healthy. However, the minerals get broken down by Vitamin D. Osteomalacia occurs when the body is lacking in Vitamin D, without which, bones become flexible and soft. The primary symptom of Osteomalacia is pain in the bones, generally experienced in the hips. The pain can also be felt in the arms, legs and the spine. As the disease progresses, the bones become weaker and the pain increases.
Causes of Osteomalacia The primary cause behind Osteomalacia is the lack of Vitamin D. Vitamin D gets generated in the skin when it is exposed to the sun s UV rays. Vitamin D can also be found in dairy products and fish. A lack of exposure to the sun and the absence of Vitamin D-rich foods from the diet may lead to Osteomalacia. However, even if you are getting enough sun and Vitamin D in your food, there are other ways in which Vitamin D deficiency can occur:
Some forms of cancer inhibit the absorption of Vitamin D Celiac disease can damage the lining of the intestine, preventing the absorption of Vitamin D. Liver disorders Kidney disorders A lack of phosphate in the diet can also lead to Osteomalacia Some drugs that are used to treat seizures can also cause Osteomalacia Treatment of Osteomalacia The treatment of Osteomalacia, if the disease is diagnosed early, is fairly simple. You just need to increase your consumption of Vitamin D. Your doctor may ask you to take Vitamin D supplements, increase the intake of the vitamin in your diet in the form of milk products and fish. Getting just the right amount of exposure to the sun is also important in this regard. Getting Vitamin D injected into the body is another way to make up for the deficiency in this vitamin in the body.","dateCreated":"","author":{"@type":"Physician","name":"Dr.Rohan Jain","medicalSpecialty":"Orthopedic Doctor","image":"https://assets.lybrate.com/img/documents/doctor/dp/2276c80e30d02b1e3f8b2598e7b7a3ed/Orthopaedics-RohanJain-Jaipur-fe64ef","url":"https://www.lybrate.com/jaipur/doctor/dr-rohan-jain-orthopedist"},"interactionStatistic":{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"LikeAction","userInteractionCount":"0"}}},{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Question","text":"Osteoporosis & Osteomalacia - Knowing The Difference!","answerCount":null,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","upvoteCount":"0","text":"Osteoporosis:
Osteoporosis is a condition whereby the density of the bone decreases and the body ceases to manufacture the same quantity of bone as it did previously. Although it tends to affect both females as well as males, it is most commonly seen in women. The reason for this is the decreased production of estrogen during the menopause phase. The hormone, estrogen provides protection against osteoporosis.
When someone suffers from this condition, all their bones become weak and they become highly susceptible to fractures in the event of an accident or even a slight knock.
The word osteoporosis means porous bones. Once a person crosses the age of 35 years the rate of bone renewal or rebuilding slows down. When this happens on a prolonged basis the concerned person is highly prone to develop osteoporosis.
Key Points:
Those who smoke and have a poor diet are more likely to suffer from osteoporosis. Osteoporosis targets areas of the body such as the hip, wrists and spine. Although there is no particular outward sign of osteoporosis you are likely to develop a stoop as a result of a weak spine. This will further lead to bone pain.
Osteomalacia:
Osteomalacia is a condition that is similar to osteoporosis where the bones are weakened. But what makes this condition different from osteoporosis is that in osteomalacia there is difficulty in the process of bone-building. In osteoporosis, existing bones become weak.
Reasons for Osteomalacia:
Osteomalacia occurs when there is vitamin D deficiency. As a nutrient, the benefits of vitamin D are enormous because it is instrumental for the absorption of calcium in the stomach.
Vitamin D is helpful for the maintenance of phosphate and calcium levels which is needed in the proper formation of bones. Vitamin D can be acquired from ultraviolet rays of the sun and also from food items such as fish and dairy products.
Signs of Osteomalacia:
Signs of osteomalacia are few. The most common signs include fracturing of the bones and weakening of the muscles. A person who suffers from the condition of osteomalacia has a difficult time walking and may develop abnormal gait.
Treatment of Both Osteoporosis and Osteomalacia:
When it comes to the treating osteoporosis it is mainly focussed on preventing the onset, maintaining healthy bone density, preventing fractures and reducing pain. This treatment is done by making adjustments to your lifestyle as we daily meal plan in addition to taking medications and health supplements.
As the first line of treatment of osteomalacia, the patient will be prescribed a number phosphate, vitamin D and calcium health supplements. Additionally, the patient will be asked to spend some time out in the sun for absorption of sunlight.","dateCreated":"","author":{"@type":"Physician","name":"Dr.Tanvir Maqbool","medicalSpecialty":"Orthopedic Doctor","image":"https://assets.lybrate.com/img/documents/doctor/dp/b69e62913ac16a8d5b09221952110af9/Orthopaedics-TanvirMaqbool-Faridabad-0c231a.jpg","url":"https://www.lybrate.com/faridabad/doctor/dr-tanvir-maqbool-orthopedist"},"interactionStatistic":{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"LikeAction","userInteractionCount":"0"}}},{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Question","text":"Mental Disorders - Know Classifications Of Them!","answerCount":null,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","upvoteCount":"0","text":"Here is a list of few most commonly observed mental disorders in society. It is hard to accept the truth that even though people are aware of the existence of mental disorder, yet they do not make an effort in identifying them. Therefore, read carefully and help people with any of these illnesses around you.
1. Anxiety
Anxiety is one of the most common types of mental disorders which is readily observed in 2 out of 5 people. A lot of patients are also observed with physical symptoms such as- shaky hands. Despite being so common amongst people, many choose to ignore it and others do not acknowledge the seriousness of this disease. In anxiety, a person will suffer extreme fear and in the moment of an anxiety attack he will have changed behavor, as well.
2. Depression
Another commonly observed mental disorder is depression which is also one of the most fatal diseases in the world. Herein, the patient does not die because of physical shortcomings but the depressed state of mind could cause the person to drive himself to suicide or substance abuse conditions. Depression is an extremely important and very harmful mental disorder, which, if left unnoticed could drive the person towards his own end and destruction.
Signs and symptoms of depression:
It is extremely hard to identify a person with depression based on his looks because a depressed person will look the same on the outside but there will be going on a turmoil of emotions on the inside. The patient will give positive test to a psychomotor retardation
The person will not respond in the usual manner. He will be restless.
3. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
This is another one of the most commonly observed mental disorder in mankind. In this illness, a person will be obsessed with one person, thing or a place. This obsessive attachment to any said thing could turn dangerous as the person might cross any limits in order to attain it. A person could be subject to one or more of the following OCD s:
Cleanliness Being worried all the time about one's safety Keeping the things in order Repeating actions Reassurance Autism Autism is also known as Autism Spectrum Disorder which targets the mind of young children and permanently causes a change in their behaviour which is hard to undo. This illness falls under the child psychiatry branch of Psychiatry. Autism is a great threat to mankind because the children are the future of our world and there has been an increase in Autism, lately.
Signs and Symptoms:
Repressed or late response to environmental stimuli Unable to communicate in the same language as others Unable to communicate socially Repetitive actions Deviations in thoughts Absence of smile Always looking at the ground Such children easily cry Aggressive","dateCreated":"","author":{"@type":"Physician","name":"Dr.Robin Victor","medicalSpecialty":"Psychiatrist","image":"https://assets.lybrate.com/img/documents/doctor/dp/ed42c47afa3cccf753be01f7e5ad0586/Psychiatry-RobinVictor-0a140e.jpg","url":"https://www.lybrate.com/ghaziabad/doctor/dr-robin-victor-psychiatrist"},"interactionStatistic":{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"LikeAction","userInteractionCount":"0"}}},{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Question","text":"Bone Fracture - What Are The Types & Causes Of It?","answerCount":null,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","upvoteCount":"0","text":"Broken bone is commonly known as bone fracture a d it occurs when an exorbitant amount of force is applied causing the bone to split or shatter. While some minor fractures lead to cracks and crannies, others may lead to complete breakage of the bones. Despite being hard, bones are formed in such a way that they can absorb pressure to only a certain extent, beyond which they break. Statistically, the incidence of broken bones are most common in children and in old age people.
Causes of Bone Fracture:
Bone fracture can be caused due to a number of reasons; both intentional and accidental. Some of them include:
1. Accidents and injuries: Sports injuries, being hit by a car and tripping and falling are some of the typical episodes. 2. Old age: Diseases such as osteoporosis and brittle bone disease are common in aged people. As bones tend to become more fragile among the aged, they are at a greater chance of bone fractures.
Type of bone fractures:
Primarily bone fractures are of four types, based on the way the bone splits. They are:
Complete fracture: This type of fracture refers to a complete breakage of the bone wherein the fracture may occur at various parts of the bone. Incomplete fracture: In this type of fracture, the bone partially breaks instead of splitting entirely. Compound fractures: This is a type of a fracture wherein the bone breaks past the skin. It is also known as an open fracture. Simple fracture: In this type of a fracture, the bone breaks without causing an open wound on the skin. Treatment of bone fractures
In case of a broken bone, the immediate course of action would be to reach for the first aid box. This can be done to stabilize the bone prior to hospitalization. Icing the injury, elevating the injured area to prevent further swelling and covering the wound with bandages are common measures. In many cases, people also make household splints (made of newspapers) to keep the bone stabilized. Hospitalization and especially surgery, can be also opted for in case of severe fractures.","dateCreated":"","author":{"@type":"Physician","name":"Dr.Kedar Agrawal","medicalSpecialty":"Orthopedic Doctor","image":"https://assets.lybrate.com/img/documents/doctor/dp/916a22e166c2df2671c843deb94391ca/Orthopaedics-KedarAgrawal-Bangalore-01029d","url":"https://www.lybrate.com/raipur/doctor/dr-kedar-agrawal-orthopedist"},"interactionStatistic":{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"LikeAction","userInteractionCount":"0"}}},{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Question","text":"Cracks Vs Fractures - Know More About Them!","answerCount":null,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","upvoteCount":"0","text":"A fracture separates a single solid object into two or more pieces due to pressure. In medical terms, a fracture refers to a broken bone due to some kind of external trauma. A crack in the bone, on the other hand, does not cause a clean break in the bone - there is only a separation or discontinuity in the bone material. A crack in the bone caused due to repeated stress is often called a 'hairline fracture'. Here are the basic differences between a crack and a fracture in the bone and how to treat them: 1. A crack or hairline fracture is rarely caused by a single injury. It is usually the result of bone fatigue which may be caused due to repeated concentrated stress over a long period of time and thus it is also called a stress fracture. Other bone fractures are almost always the result of sudden and severe force on the bones. 2. The skeletal system constantly remodels itself. The cells called osteoblasts absorb calcium and secrete bone connective tissue. If a particular site is exposed to recurrent bouts of force (which are individually not impactful enough to cause a crack), over time the osteoblasts in that region malfunction and the crack appears. Muscular exhaustion can also cause cracks in the bones. Fractures are caused due to sudden external single force trauma to the bone. Nutritional problems like deficiencies of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D and excessive smoking decrease the bone mineral density and increase the chances of both cracks and fractures. 3. The symptoms of a crack are swelling, tenderness and sharp pain in the injured region. The symptoms worsen over time. A fracture has similar symptoms and might also exhibit an external physical distortion and makes it impossible to move the part of the body that where the broken bone is. 4. An MRI is better for the detection of cracks or crack-prone areas because an X-ray can only detect the crack after it widens somewhat or the bone starts paining because the rays cannot pass through the tiny gap in bone material. A fracture is easily detectable by an X-ray because the rays pass right through the break. 5. Complete rest for six to eight weeks is the most effective way of healing a crack. Using a walking boot in case of cracks in the leg bones in also helpful. Healing fractures requires extensive medical intervention. Surgical techniques like bone grafting and insertion of metal plates are used to reposition the broken bone. ","dateCreated":"","author":{"@type":"Physician","name":"Dr.Manav Luthra","medicalSpecialty":"Orthopedic Doctor","image":"https://assets.lybrate.com/img/documents/doctor/dp/b730ab7f0f8a658dbbc60ca4c2940408/Orthopaedics-ManavLuthra-Kanpur-9bf060","url":"https://www.lybrate.com/kanpur/doctor/dr-manav-luthra-orthopedist"},"interactionStatistic":{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"LikeAction","userInteractionCount":"0"}}},{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Question","text":"Cracks And Fractures - What Differentiates It?","answerCount":null,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","upvoteCount":"0","text":"A fracture separates a single solid object into two or more pieces due to pressure. In medical terms, a fracture refers to a broken bone due to some kind of external trauma. A crack in the bone, on the other hand, does not cause a clean break in the bone - there is only a separation or discontinuity in the bone material. A crack in the bone caused due to repeated stress is often called a 'hairline fracture'.
Here are the basic differences between a crack and a fracture in the bone and how to treat them:
1. A crack or hairline fracture is rarely caused by a single injury. It is usually the result of bone fatigue which may be caused due to repeated concentrated stress over a long period of time and thus it is also called a stress fracture. Other bone fractures are almost always the result of sudden and severe force on the bones.
2. The skeletal system constantly remodels itself. The cells called osteoblasts absorb calcium and secrete bone connective tissue. If a particular site is exposed to recurrent bouts of force (which are individually not impactful enough to cause a crack), over time the osteoblasts in that region malfunction and the crack appears. Muscular exhaustion can also cause cracks in the bones. Fractures are caused due to sudden external single force trauma to the bone. Nutritional problems like deficiencies of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D and excessive smoking decrease the bone mineral density and increase the chances of both cracks and fractures.
3. The symptoms of a crack are swelling, tenderness and sharp pain in the injured region. The symptoms worsen over time. A fracture has similar symptoms and might also exhibit an external physical distortion and makes it impossible to move the part of the body that where the broken bone is.
4. An MRI is better for the detection of cracks or crack-prone areas because an X-ray can only detect the crack after it widens somewhat or the bone starts paining because the rays cannot pass through the tiny gap in bone material. A fracture is easily detectable by an X-ray because the rays pass right through the break.
5. Complete rest for six to eight weeks is the most effective way of healing a crack. Using a walking boot in case of cracks in the leg bones in also helpful. Healing fractures requires extensive medical intervention. Surgical techniques like bone grafting and insertion of metal plates are used to reposition the broken bone. ","dateCreated":"","author":{"@type":"Physician","name":"Dr.Neelabh","medicalSpecialty":"Orthopedic Doctor","image":"https://assets.lybrate.com/img/documents/doctor/dp/12c80ebb4ce2ac8d02840e27c4dfdcf2/Orthopaedics-Neelabh-New-Delhi-6e2fc1.jpg","url":"https://www.lybrate.com/delhi/doctor/dr-neelabh-orthopedist"},"interactionStatistic":{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"LikeAction","userInteractionCount":"0"}}},{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Question","text":"Neuroblastoma - Know Treatment Of It!","answerCount":null,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","upvoteCount":"0","text":"Most commonly occurring in children aged 5 or younger, Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer developing from immature nerve cells most often found in and around the adrenal glands. However, it is not limited and can develop in several other areas of the body, like the chest, neck, spine and different areas of the abdomen where nerve cells can be found in clusters.
Symptoms
Depending upon the area of the body affected, signs and symptoms may include:
1. Neuroblastoma in the abdomen- a) Abdominal pain b) Diarrhea, constipation or other changes in bowel movements c) A lump of mass under the skin which is anything but tender
2. Neuroblastoma in the chest- a) Chest pain b) Wheezing c) Visible changes in the eyes, such as drooping eyelids or unequal pupil size
3. There are other signs and symptoms caused by neuroblastoma. These may include: a) Lumps of tissue found under the skin b) Bruise-like dark circles visible around the eyes c) Fever d) Proptosis (a condition in which eyeballs seem to protrude from the sockets) e) Back pain f) Bone pain g) Unexplained weight loss
Causes
Neuroblastoma typically originates in neuroblasts. These are immature nerve cells formed by the fetus as part of the development process. Eventually, neuroblasts convert into fibres and nerve cells which then make up the constituents of the adrenal gland. Normally, they either mature or gradually disappear. Others, which neither mature nor disappear, form tumors.
Complications
A number of problems may result out of neuroblastoma, including: 1. Metastasis or spread of the cancerous cells 2. Spinal cord compression 3. Paraneoplastic symptoms, such as rapid eye movement or difficulty with eye coordination 4. Abdominal swelling 5. Diarrhea
Treatment
Depending on the child's age, the stage of the cancer, or the types of cells involved, the treatment plan varies accordingly:
1. Surgery - However, this depends on the size and location of the tumor. Tumors growing near vital organs are too risky to remove
2. Chemotherapy - involves the use of chemotherapy drugs
3. Radiation therapy - involves high energy beams, like X-rays
4. Stem cell transplant or autologous stem cell transplant in case of high-risk neuroblastoma
5. Immunotherapy - involves drugs which stimulate the immune system to destroy cancerous cells","dateCreated":"","author":{"@type":"Physician","name":"Dr.Umesh Das","medicalSpecialty":"Oncologist","image":"https://assets.lybrate.com/img/documents/doctor/dp/631b6c19e17ae5f6eeebea9c66698d67/Oncology-UmeshDas-Guwahati-dfce8d","url":"https://www.lybrate.com/guwahati/doctor/dr-umesh-das-oncologist"},"interactionStatistic":{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"LikeAction","userInteractionCount":"0"}}},{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Question","text":"Gynaecomastia - Causes & Treatments Of It!","answerCount":null,"acceptedAnswer":{"@type":"Answer","upvoteCount":"0","text":"The common male problem in an Aesthetic clinic, Gyanecomastia, is truly Pseudogynaecomastia with only fatty tissue and minimal glandular tissue. The condition is a part of the co existing Obesity disorder and is rarely, a standalone entity. The treatment options shall include an approach to answer the issue of obesity as a whole, not rest contented with surgical removal of the enlarged breasts alone. What is seen and what is treated is just a tip of the iceberg.
Gynaecomastia, an innocuous condition, that affects 35-70% of male population immediately after birth, during adolescence and old age is rarely brought to notice as the sufferer makes all attempts to hide it as the condition brings with it a sense of shame and pain in public places and mental suffering. Herein starts the search for the treatment. Medical and multifaceted surgical options evolved over centuries with the current opinion being fat removal by anyone form of liposuction and the gland removal by direct excision. Gynaecomastia, is increased breast tissue in males composed of glandular and fatty tissue.
Physiological gynaecomastia of puberty that normally regresses with age tend to stay back being sustained by the modern lifestyle changes. Processed foods and environmental pollution of air and water, the cosmetics used on the body like deo odorants, perfumes and toiletries, synthetics and chemicals have contributed to explosions of generalised obesity. With this generalised obesity, the tendency to hold back excess fat in the breast developed. This clearly shows the reason for higher incidence of (pseudo) Gynaecomastia of late. Hormonal imbalance due to reasons stated above, aggravate the situation. Gynaecomastia is part of the generalised obesity and it is more fat and little gland.
However, this condition does not have any harmful effect on the body, but it can cause distress emotionally. Men may lose their self-confidence and they can be psychologically affected by this.
What Causes Gynaecomastia?
It is a type of hormonal imbalance that results in the growth of the male breasttissues. The ratio of oestrogen v/s androgens gets altered and causes the enlargement of the breasts. For this condition to occur, the amount of oestrogen increase in the body, or the amount of testosterone drops. Sometimes it can be the combination of both.
There are certain diseases that may contribute to gynaecomastia and they are as follows:
Kidney diseases
Liver disease
Drop in testosterone levels
Certain medications such as methadone, medications for HIV or treating prostate cancer
Certain tumours caused in male sex organs such as cancer of the Leydig cells or the Sertoli cells resulting in deprivation of androgen levels
Conclusion: True Gynaecomastia that requires surgical treatment is not so uncommon. What is commonly believed to be gynaecomastia is truly Pseudo gynaecomastia with a co exiting clinical picture of obesity, high BMI, sedentary life and wrong lifestyle. Surgical treatment by laser liposuction under Tumescent Anaesthesia gives very good results with high patient satisfaction and negligible post operative complications. Gland fragmented with laser can be extricated thro same entry point without sub areolar incision.","dateCreated":"","author":{"@type":"Physician","name":"Dr.Tarwinder Singh Nagpal","medicalSpecialty":"Cosmetic/Plastic Surgeon","image":"https://assets.lybrate.com/img/documents/doctor/dp/d90bc2fbc5846632fa2b57f295bbfa5e/Cosmetic-Plastic-Surgery-TarwinderSinghNagpal-c06f08.png","url":"https://www.lybrate.com/bathinda/doctor/dr-tarwinder-singh-nagpal-cosmetic-plastic-surgeon"},"interactionStatistic":{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"LikeAction","userInteractionCount":"0"}}}]
Oophorectomy Tips & Advice From Top Doctors | Lybrate
"Oophorectomy: Procedure and Recovery The part of the woman s reproductive system where the eggs are stored and released for fertilisation, are known as the ovaries. The ovaries also produce various hormones. When a female patient has to go through a procedure to remove the ovaries, this surgical procedure is known as an oophorectomy. The patient may have to go through this procedure for a number of reasons. Let us find out more about the procedure and the recovery of the patient thereafter....more
MBBS, DNB - Orthopedics/Orthopedic Surge...read more
Orthopedic Doctor•Pune
Osteoporosis:
Osteoporosis is a condition whereby the density of the bone decreases and the body ceases to manufacture the same quantity of bone as it did previously. Although it tends to affect both females as well as males, it is most commonly seen in women. The reason for this is the decreased production of estrogen during the menopause phase. The hormone, estrogen provides protection against osteoporosis.
When someone suffers from this condition, all their bones become weak...more
DNB (Plastic Surgery), DNB General Surge...read more
Cosmetic/Plastic Surgeon•Pune
Women who have abnormally large breasts usually tend to develop them during adolescence or during pregnancy. Large breasts can cause physiological problems apart from being unsightly. Some of the problems commonly reported by women include back and neck problems. Let's explore one of the most common methods of breast reduction known as the keyhole method.
What is the keyhole method of breast reduction? The Keyhole method of breast reduction is the most commonly prescribed form of br...more
MS - Orthopaedics, DNB (Orthopedics), MB...read more
Orthopedic Doctor•Jaipur
The weakening of the bones during the bone development or formation process is called Osteomalacia. Osteomalacia, when it occurs in children, is called Rickets. A lot of people confuse it with osteoporosis, which affects bones that have already been formed.
One s bones need phosphorus and calcium to remain strong and healthy. However, the minerals get broken down by Vitamin D. Osteomalacia occurs when the body is lacking in Vitamin D, without which, bones become flexible and soft. The p...more
MBBS, DNB, National Board Of Examination...read more
Orthopedic Doctor•Faridabad
Osteoporosis:
Osteoporosis is a condition whereby the density of the bone decreases and the body ceases to manufacture the same quantity of bone as it did previously. Although it tends to affect both females as well as males, it is most commonly seen in women. The reason for this is the decreased production of estrogen during the menopause phase. The hormone, estrogen provides protection against osteoporosis.
When someone suffers from this condition, all their bones become weak...more
Here is a list of few most commonly observed mental disorders in society. It is hard to accept the truth that even though people are aware of the existence of mental disorder, yet they do not make an effort in identifying them. Therefore, read carefully and help people with any of these illnesses around you.
1. Anxiety
Anxiety is one of the most common types of mental disorders which is readily observed in 2 out of 5 people. A lot of patients are also observed with physical sym...more
Broken bone is commonly known as bone fracture a d it occurs when an exorbitant amount of force is applied causing the bone to split or shatter. While some minor fractures lead to cracks and crannies, others may lead to complete breakage of the bones. Despite being hard, bones are formed in such a way that they can absorb pressure to only a certain extent, beyond which they break. Statistically, the incidence of broken bones are most common in children and in old age people.
A fracture separates a single solid object into two or more pieces due to pressure. In medical terms, a fracture refers to a broken bone due to some kind of external trauma. A crack in the bone, on the other hand, does not cause a clean break in the bone - there is only a separation or discontinuity in the bone material. A crack in the bone caused due to repeated stress is often called a 'hairline fracture'. Here are the basic differences between a crack and a fracture in the bone and how to tre...more
DNB (Orthopedics), Diploma in Orthopedic...read more
Orthopedic Doctor•Delhi
A fracture separates a single solid object into two or more pieces due to pressure. In medical terms, a fracture refers to a broken bone due to some kind of external trauma. A crack in the bone, on the other hand, does not cause a clean break in the bone - there is only a separation or discontinuity in the bone material. A crack in the bone caused due to repeated stress is often called a 'hairline fracture'.
Here are the basic differences between a crack and a fracture in the bone and ...more
DM - Oncology, ESMO Certified Medical On...read more
Oncologist•Guwahati
Most commonly occurring in children aged 5 or younger, Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer developing from immature nerve cells most often found in and around the adrenal glands. However, it is not limited and can develop in several other areas of the body, like the chest, neck, spine and different areas of the abdomen where nerve cells can be found in clusters.
Symptoms
Depending upon the area of the body affected, signs and symptoms may include:
The common male problem in an Aesthetic clinic, Gyanecomastia, is truly Pseudogynaecomastia with only fatty tissue and minimal glandular tissue. The condition is a part of the co existing Obesity disorder and is rarely, a standalone entity. The treatment options shall include an approach to answer the issue of obesity as a whole, not rest contented with surgical removal of the enlarged breasts alone. What is seen and what is treated is just a tip of the iceberg.
Gynaecomastia, an innocu...more
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