My Dad is suffering from knee pain last 4 years is hyaluronic acids injection will help will be how much effective.

Question

HA is a non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan consisting of alternately repeating D-glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine units. HA exists naturally in various animal tissues, including rooster combs, shark skin, bovine eyeballs, bovine nasal cartilage, rabbit brain and heart and in various human tissues, including the umbilical cord, serum, vitreous body, dermis, epidermis, thoracic lymph, urine and synovial fluid (SF). However, the highest amounts of HA in the human body are found in the ECM of soft connective tissues .. HA could bind to specific receptors expressed in many cells, such as the cluster determinant 44 (CD44), the intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and the receptor for hyaluronate-mediated motility (RHAMM) . This binding triggers various intracellular signal events such as cytokine release and stimulation of cell cycle proteins. The consequences of these interactions is to stimulate cell functional activities such as cell migration and proliferation . In osteoarthritic joints synovial fluid contains a lower concentration of HA than in healthy joints, so intra-articular therapy with exogenous HA can restore its viscoelastic properties. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown various physiological effects of exogenous HA that may contrast the mechanisms involved in osteoarthritis pathogenesis. Indeed, exogenous HA can enhance chondrocyte synthesis of endogenous HA and proteoglycans, prevent the degradation of cartilage and promote its regeneration. Moreover it can reduce the production of proinflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinases, and reduce nerve impulses and nerve sensitivity associated with OA pain

Prashant K Vaidya · Accepted Answer

HA is a non-sulfated glycosaminoglycan consisting of alternately repeating D-glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine units. HA exists naturally in various animal tissues, including rooster combs, shark skin, bovine eyeballs, bovine nasal cartilage, rabbit brain and heart and in various human tissues, including the umbilical cord, serum, vitreous body, dermis, epidermis, thoracic lymph, urine and synovial fluid (SF). However, the highest amounts of HA in the human body are found in the ECM of soft connective tissues .. HA could bind to specific receptors expressed in many cells, such as the cluster determinant 44 (CD44), the intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and the receptor for hyaluronate-mediated motility (RHAMM) . This binding triggers various intracellular signal events such as cytokine release and stimulation of cell cycle proteins. The consequences of these interactions is to stimulate cell functional activities such as cell migration and proliferation . In osteoarthritic joints synovial fluid contains a lower concentration of HA than in healthy joints, so intra-articular therapy with exogenous HA can restore its viscoelastic properties. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown various physiological effects of exogenous HA that may contrast the mechanisms involved in osteoarthritis pathogenesis. Indeed, exogenous HA can enhance chondrocyte synthesis of endogenous HA and proteoglycans, prevent the degradation of cartilage and promote its regeneration. Moreover it can reduce the production of proinflammatory mediators and matrix metalloproteinases, and reduce nerve impulses and nerve sensitivity associated with OA pain